Term
| Homosexuality: Author and Article |
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Definition
David Halperin
"One Hundred Years of Homosexuality" |
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Definition
Homosexuality is not biological (neither is heterosexuality) they are products of history and culture
Sex is a natural fact, but sexuality is a cultural production |
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| Homosexuality: Creator and Definition |
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Definition
Charles Gilbert Chaddock
Before homosexuality was defined, it was called "sexual inversion." Neither homosexuality or heterosexuality existed before this, since they weren't defined |
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Term
| African Art in Transit: Author |
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Definition
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Term
| Authenticity: How is it defined? |
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Definition
| Westerners only want to buy "authentic art," and so authenticity is defined by western values |
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Term
| Authenticity: 3 Characteristics |
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Definition
Must be:
Old
Not made for aesthetic purposes
Used by people in a "traditional manner" |
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Term
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Definition
Because African art is separated from its creator, the longer it has been away from its creator, the more authentic it is considered
African artists try to create what Westerners will view as authentic and often make up stories for their art that makes it seem more authentic than it is |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
1. Classified by the speed or rate at which a disease or disorder appears in a discrete population
2. An epidemic occurs "if there are more cases than you expect" |
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Term
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Definition
| According to the second definition, autism IS an epidemic, but only because it is being diagnosed much more frequently than it was before. Earlier, it was not classified as its own disorder and the stigma associated with it led to a low number of diagnoses. There are not more cases of autism. |
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Term
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Definition
| The number of new cases of a certain disorder that occurs in a specific population in a defined period of time (used to classify epidemics) |
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Term
| Incidence: Autism Studies |
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Definition
In general, incidence studies are rare
Autism: All incidence studies are flawed in some way, mostly because autism occurs at such a young age (age 3 or under), and so it is almost impossible to determine if there is an increase in incidence |
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Term
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Definition
The rate that refers to the proportion of a population affected by a certain disease or disorder at a certain time
The number of cases divided by the population screened |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| The prevalence of autism should remain stable, assuming their is no new environmental catalyst to produce new cases or unless the methods of detecting, diagnosing, and counting autism change |
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Term
| Labeling Theory: Author and Article |
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Definition
Jane Murphy
"Psychiatric Labeling" |
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Term
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Definition
| Labeling deviants as deviant makes them more deviant, and labeling those who aren't deviant as deviant can lead those people to buy into their label and become deviant |
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Term
| Labeling Theory: Mental Illness |
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Definition
Mental illness is considered deviance from social norms, those who are diagnosed buy into their diagnosis
Stigma |
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Term
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Definition
| "The Body of the Condemned" |
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Term
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Definition
| Prisons are a metaphor for modern societies: As societies become more civilized, modes of punishment move away from the cruel (execution, torture) to more humane modes (prisons), movement from punishment of the body to the soul |
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Term
| Michel Foccault: Power - Body |
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Definition
Body can be broken down into units:
Objects to be molded
Parts prone to discipline
Micropower - details (ex. haircuts in the military) |
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Term
| Michel Foccault: Power - Time |
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Definition
Time is objective:
Connected with the body (visiting hours in prison) |
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Term
| Michel Foccault: Power - Space |
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Definition
| Reliance on order of bodies in a space |
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Term
| Refrigerator Mother: Creator of Term |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| When autism was first being diagnosed, many people believed it was a result of bad parenting, especially bad mothering. It was believed that children who did not have a strong attachment to their mothers became autistic. While this is now dismissed in the US, many other countries still believe this is a cause of autism (South Korea) |
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Term
| Refrigerator Mother: Reactive Attachment Disorder (RAD) |
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Definition
| A diagnosis in South Korea, related to Refrigerator Mothers. Classified by a mother's lack of attachment with her child. |
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Term
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Definition
| "Autistic Disturbances of Affective Contact" |
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Term
| Leo Kanner: Infantile Autism Symptoms |
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Definition
| Studied eleven children who all shared similar symptoms, including withdrawal, social isolation, linguistic impairments, obsessive behaviors |
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Term
| Leo Kanner: Autism as its own Diagnosis |
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Definition
Considered it to be different from schizophrenia because the children did not experience hallucinations or delusions
Different from mental retardation because most of them had normal or above normal IQs |
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Term
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Definition
| Marketplace credit system used in Africa |
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Term
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Definition
| If a buyer is interested in a certain item and one seller doesn’t have it, but knows another who does, the first seller brings the buyer to the second seller’s stall and they quickly negotiate a price. The piece is borrowed (the first seller borrows it from the second) |
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Term
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Definition
| Social and commercial etiquette deems that stallholders can’t outwardly refuse to lend an item to another stallholder, especially if they are of the same tribe. |
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Term
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Definition
| Prices are set very high, because the second seller knows that someone is interested, and therefore, can make more off the first seller and the buyer |
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Term
| Woman in the Body: Author |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Studies of hot flashes have revealed that the incidence and how it is regarded varies across cultures. Hot flashes, as hypothesized by Emily Martin, may not be a physical symptom at all, but a manifestation of certain feelings, such as embarrassment. Certain social situations, especially those which are stressful or nervous-making, are more likely to bring on hot flashes, and in turn, cause more embarrassment. |
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Term
| Menopause: The Woman as a Failure |
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Definition
| Our society has a negative view of menopause, because it is seen as a failure of the body. A woman’s body is seen as a factory, and following menopause, this factory cannot do what it is supposed to. |
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Term
| Labor and Delivery: Body as a Machine |
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Definition
| There is a culturally constructed notion of the body as a machine, in which babies are seen as products. This is indicative of our industrialized society. |
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Term
| Labor and Delivery: The Woman |
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Definition
| Science and medicine (moving away from all-natural births) denigrate a woman’s feelings and experience of labor and giving birth. Doctors are informal and impersonal and the woman’s mental state is largely ignored in favor of the baby’s needs. Women are no longer in control of their own births, they are told what to do and when to do it by doctors and other members of the medical staff (ex. when and when not to push). |
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