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| Understanding human behavior by placing it within it broader social context |
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| People who share a culture and a territory |
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| The group memberships that people have because of their location in history and society |
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| the application of systematic methods to obtain knowledge and the knowledge obtained by those methods |
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| The use of objective, systematic observations to test theories |
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| The application of the scientific method to the social world |
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| The scientific study of society and man behavior |
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| Marx's term for the struggle between capitalists and workers |
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| Marx's term for capitalists, those who own the means of production |
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| Marx's term for the exploited class, the mass of workers who do not own the means of production |
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| The degree to which members of a group or a society are united by shared norms, values, behavior, and other social bonds; also known as social cohesion |
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| Sociological research for the purpose of making discoveries about life in human groups, not for making changes in those groups; also called pure sociology |
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| The use of sociology to solve problems- from the micro level of classroom interactions and family relationships to the macro level of crime and population |
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| Sociology being used for the public good; especially the sociological perspective (of how things relate to one another) guiding politicians and policy makers |
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| a general statement about how some parts of the world fit together and work; an explanation of how two or more facts are related to one another |
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| a theoretical perspective in which society is viewed as composed of symbols that people use to establish meaning, develop their views of the world, and communicate with one another |
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| a theoretical framework in which society is viewed as composed of various parts, each with a function that, when fulfilled, contributes to societies equilibrium; also known as functionalism and structural functionalism |
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| a theoretical framework in which society is viewed as composed of groups that are competing for scarce resources |
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| an examination of large scale patterns of society |
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| an examination of small scale patterns of society |
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| What people do when they are in one another's presence |
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| Communication without words through gestures, use of space, silence, and so on |
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| a statement of how variables are expected to be related to one another, often according to predictions from a theory |
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| a factor though to be significant for human behavior, which can vary (or change) from one case to another |
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| the way in which a researcher measures a variable |
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| one of six procedures that sociologists use to collect data; surveys, participant observation, secondary analysis, documents, experiments, and unobtrusive measures; also called a research design |
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| the extent to which an operational definition measures measures what it is intended to measure |
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| The extent to which research produces consistent or dependable results |
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| the collection of data by having people answer a series of questions |
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| a target group to be studied |
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| the individuals intended to represent the population to be studied |
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| a sample in which everyone in the target population has the same chance of being studied |
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| a sample from selected subgroups of the target population in which everyone in those subgroups has an equal chance of being included in the research |
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| People who respond to a survey, either by interviews or by self-administered questionnaires |
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| Questions that are followed by a list of possible answers to be selected by the respondent |
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| Questions that respondents answer in their own words |
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| A feeling of trust between the researcher and the people they are studying |
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| Participating in a research setting in order to observe what is happening what is happening in that setting; also called fieldwork |
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| an intensive analysis of a single event, situation, or individual |
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| the analysis of data that has been collected by other researchers |
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| in its narrow sense , written sources that provide data; in its extended sense, archival material of any sort, including photographs, movies, CDs, DVDs, and so on |
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| the use of control and experimental groups and dependent and independent variables to test causation |
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| the group of subjects in an experiment who are exposed to the independent variable |
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| the subjects in an experiment who are not exposed to the independent variable |
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| a factor that causes a change in another variable, called the dependent variable |
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| a factor in an experiment that is changed by an independent variable |
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| ways of observing people so they do not know they are being studied |
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| the standards in which people define what is desirable or undesirable, good or bad, beautiful or ugly |
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| The view that a sociologist's personal views or biases should not influence social research |
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| Value neutrality in research |
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| Duplicating some research in order to test its findings |
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| the language, beliefs, values, norms, behaviors, and even material objects that characterize a group and are passed from one generation to the next |
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| The material objects that distinguish a group of people, such as their art, buildings, weapons, utensils, machines, hairstyles, clothing, and jewelry |
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| a group's way of thinking (including its beliefs, values, and other assumptions about the world) and doing (its common patterns of behavior, including language and other forms of interaction); also known as symbolic culture |
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| the disorientation that people experience when they come in contact with a fundamentally different culture and can no longer depend on their taken-for-granted assumptions about life |
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| Judging other cultures based on ones own |
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| not judging a culture but trying to understand it on its own terms |
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| the ways in which people use their bodies to communicate with one another |
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| a system of symbols that can be combined in an infinite number of ways and can represent not only objects but also abstract thought |
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| What is expected of people, the expectation (or rules) intended to guide people's behavior |
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| A reward or positive reaction for following norms, ranging from a smile to a material reward |
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| an expression of disapproval for breaking a norm, ranging from a mild, informal reaction such as a frown to a formal reaction such as a prison sentence or an execution |
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| norms that are not strictly enforced |
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| norms that are strictly enforced because they thought essential to core values or the wellbeing of the group |
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| a groups who values, beliefs, norms, and related behaviors place it members in opposition to the broader culture |
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| a society made up of many different groups |
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| a people's ideal values and norms; the goals held out for them |
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| the norms and values that people actually follow (as opposed to ideal culture) |
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| the emerging technologies of an era that have a significant impact on social |
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| Ogburn's term for human behavior lagging behind technological innovations |
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| the spread of cultural traits from one group to another; includes both material and nonmaterial traits |
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| the process by which cultures become similar to one another; refers especially to the process by which Western culture is being exported and diffused into other nations |
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