The act of adding a pleasant stimulus with the aim of increasing desired behavior.

**increases probability that behavior will occur; praising, giving tokens, or otherwise rewarding positive behavior**

(ex: receiving a new toy after taking the dog for a morning walk)

Negative reinforcement is a learning method that reinforces desired behaviors instead of punishing unwanted ones.

**Behavior increases because a negative stimulus is removed**

(ex: applying sunscreen before heading to the beach to avoid getting sunburned)

The act of adding an unpleasant stimulus with the aim of decreasing undesired behavior.

** presentation of undesirable stimulus following a behavior for the purpose of decreasing or eliminating that behavior**

(ex: No playtime for one week for not taking the dog for the morning walk)

The act of removing a plaeasant stimulus with the aim of decreasing undesired behavior.

**Removal of a desirable stimulus following a behavior for the purpose of decreasing or eliminating that behavior**

(ex: Doing extra household chores for not taking the dog for the morning walk)

Aversion therapy uses the same principle but changes the association and replaces the pleasure with an unpleasant state (counterconditioning)

**Any treatment aimed at reducing the attractiveness of a stimulus or a behavior by repeated pairing of it with an aversive stimulus**

(ex: treating alcoholism with Antabuse)

An alternative medicine approach that teaches people to change the way their bodies function.

**Behavior training program that teaches a person how to control certain function such as heart rate, blood pressure, temp, muscular tension. Biofeedback is often used for ADHD and Anxiety

Extinction is the discontinuing of reinforcement for a previously reinforced behavior.

**Withholding a reinforcer that normally follows a behavior. Behavior that fails to produce reinforcement will eventually cease**

(ex: The teacher no longer gives attention(which was reinforcing) to a student that talks out during instruction)

A treatment procedure in which a client's anxiety is extinguished by prolonged real or imagined exposure to high intensity feared stimuli

**Flooding aims to help individuals confront their fears directly and experience the absence of harm or negative outcomes, leading to the extinction of their anxiety response**

(ex: a claustrophobic will be locked in a closet for hours or an individual with a fear of flying will be sent up in a light aircraft)

A technique used in behavior therapy, usually to reduce or eliminate phobias, in which the client is exposed to stimuli that induce anxiety.

**Pairing and movement through a hierarchy of anxiety from least to most anxiety provoking situations takes place in real setting.

A method used in certain cognitive-behavioral techniques of psychotherapy whereby the client learns by imitation alone, without any specific verbal direction by the therapist.

**Method of instruction that involves an individual (the model) demonstrating the behavior to be acquired by a client.

(ex: a father wants to teach his teenager how to change the oil in the car. So he has his teen watch as he changes the oil)

Rational emotive behavior therapy is a therapy approach that focuses on managing irrational or unhealthy thoughts, emotions, and behaviors.

**A cognitively oriented therapy in which a social worker seeks to change a client's irrational beliefs by argument, persuasion, and rational reevaluation by teaching a client to counter self-defeating thing with new non-distressing self-statements.

(ex: You see a therapist because you are feeling depressed. Together, you and the therapist isolate some of the negative thoughts that you seem to repeat to yourself. You then counter those negative thoughts with rational positive thoughts

Shaping is a process because it begins with rewarding (reinforcing) a behavior that is somewhat like the final behavior desired. In steps, behaviors that more closely resemble the targeted behavior are rewarded successively, until only the final desired behavior is reinforced.

**Method used to train a new behavior by prompting and reinforcing successive approximations of the desired behavior**

Systematic desensitization uses counter conditioning to teach a client a new response to the stimulus using relaxation techniques during graded exposure to the stimulus.

**An anxiety inhibiting response cannot occur at the same time as the anxiety response. Anxiety producing stimulus is paired with relaxation producing response so that eventually an anxiety producing stimulus produces a relaxation response at each step a client's reaction as the new behavior is reinforced by receiving a reward. The reward could be a compliment, a gift or relaxation.