Middle Colonies

Human geographic factors – removal of the Native Americans, disease and conflict (ex. Georgia as a buffer 

Sam Adams

•American Patriot.

•Cousin to John Adams. 

Proclamation of 1763

American Revolution Era, 1775-1783

Mercy Otis Warren

James Armistead

Taxation without Representation

Benjamin Franklin

Bernardo de’ Galvez

Thomas Jefferson

Marquis de Lafayette

Thomas Paine

George Washington

Issues Surrounding Important Events of the American Revolution

Declaration of Independence

Writing of the Articles of Confederation

Major Battles of the American Revolution

Henry Bessemer

·    Bessemer Steel Process

·       Mass Production of steel

·    1855

·      Transportation

Agriculture

Robert Fulton  

 The Clermont

·       Steamboat

·       1807

Transportation 

Eli Whitney

Cyrus McCormick

    
Mechanical Reaper

·       Machine to harvest grain

·      
1831

Agriculture

Constitutional  Era – 1787 – Creation of the U.S. Government

 This era evaluates the strengths and weaknesses of the Articles of Confederation and understands the need for a new government.

·         Issues and compromises that were addressed at the Constitutional Convention.Establishment of the U.S. Constitution through compromises and influences from past documents (Magna Carta, Mayflower Compact, Declaration of Independence, Fundamental Orders of Connecticut, and the English Bill of Rights)

·   Federalists and Anti-Federalists

·         Individual rights are guaranteed in the Bill of Rights and how these amendments pleased the Anti-Federalists

Identify the major events of the Constitutional Time Period

Significance of 1787

Articles of Confederation : Issues Surrounding Important Events of the American Revolution

*Written during the American Revolution

*Occurred at the Second Continental Congress (1776)

*Created a new form of government for the independent colonies

   *one branch, a Congress, including one representative from each of the former colonies

*Articles created a “firm league of friendship” where “each state retains its sovereignty, freedom and independence

Issues of the Constitututional Convention – Representation

Representation

1.      Virginia Plan: large state plan that proposed representation on population size

2.      New Jersey Plan: small state plan that proposed equal representation among all states

Compromise

Great Compromise: Constitution resulted in a two-house legislature with the House of Representatives based on population and the Senate maintaining equal representation from all states.

Issues of the Constitutional Convention – Slavery

Issue

How slaves should be counted regarding population and taxation.

Compromise

Three-Fifths Compromise: three-fifths of the slave population would be counted when setting direct taxes on the states and three-fifths ratio would also be used to determine representation in the legislature

Arguments for and Against Ratification of the Constitution

o   Federalists – argued for a stronger national government because under the Articles of Confederation, the weak national government set the United States up for failure.

o   Anti-Federalists – argued that states’ rights should remain powerful over key issues; remained the opinion that we fought the Revolution to get away from strong central government; desired to protect individual liberties

Compromise: the U.S. Constitution is ratified and the Bill of Rights is added 

Magna Carta

·        1215; Runnymede, England

·        Limited the power of the King of England

·        This document influenced the United States’ Constitution

·        The Constitution limits the power of the central government

·        Trial by jury

An innocent man cannot be put into jail without a trial

English Bill of Rights

Mayflower Compact

1620

·       Written by the Pilgrims

·       An agreement that established majority rule and self-government

·       The Pilgrims pledged to remain loyal to Great Britain

Federalist Papers

A series of essays written in support of the United States Constitution.

·        Focused on the need for a strong central governement with restricted (limited) powers.

·        Supported separation of powers amd checks and balances.

Written by: Alexander Hamilton, John Jay, and James Madison

 The Great Awakening

·         Religious movement in the 1730s and 1740s.

·         Preached ideas that went against Puritan beliefs and teachings.

·         JONATHAN EDWARDS – one of the best known preachers of the time – his sermon, “Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God”, urged believers to develop a personal relationship with God.

·        
This movement revitalized American religion by adding emotion.

The Abolitionist Movement began in response to the Great Awakening.

Benjamin Franklin

         Inventor, Scientist, Founding Father

·         1706 – 1790

·         Published  Poor Richard’s Almanack; sayings in his book helped shape the American character, such as “early to bed, early to rise, makes a man healthy, wealthy, and wise.

·         Founded the first public library in the colonies, supported education; Post Master General for all the colonies

·         Scientist: Enlightenment: believed that through study and knowledge a person could improve his position in life

·         Member of the committee that wrote the Declaration of Independence

·         Created the Albany Plan of Union – the first attempt to unite the colonies during the French and Indian War

·         Considered to be the “first civilized American”

Invented the lightening rod, bifocal glasses, and the Franklin stove

William Penn

                               William Penn established a colony in North America as a refuge for Quakers. The land grant from the King was called “Pennsylvania” or Penn’s Woods. Supported toleration of the Native Americans, freedom of worship, welcomed immigrants, and did not require citizens to serve in the militia.

·         Believed that each person was equal and allowed them to elect their own government officials.

Explain the reasons for the development of representative government in Colonial America.

Representative governments often develop to meet the political, economic, and social needs of the people who hold similar beliefs.

Major Eras and Events in U.S. History – Colonial America:

·      Exploration and Colonization

·      Establishment of the 13 colonies

·      Representative Democracy

·      Mercantilism

Religious Freedom.

What are some reasons for

European Exploration:

Reasons for Exploration:

·      Religion

·      Wealth

·      Fame

·      National pride

·      Curiosity

Faster, cheaper trade routes to Asia

What are some reasons for European colonization of North America:

Reasons for Colonization:

·       Religious freedom

·       Political freedom

·       Economic opportunity (mercantilism)

·       Social mobility

A better way of life

Political reasons for establishing the 13 English Colonies:

Political Reasons for establishing the 13 English Colonies:

·        Political

·       Competition with Spain and France who already had many colonies in North America

·       Increase trade and markets for English exports (mercantilism)

Source of raw materials

Religious reasons for establishing

the 13 English Colonies:

Religious reasons for establishing the 13 English Colonies:

·       Seeking religious freedom

Freedom from persecution for religious beliefs.

Social reasons for establishing

the 13 English Colonies:

Social reasons for establishing the 13 English Colonies:

·       Opportunity for adventure and a better way of life

England was overcrowded and settlers desired their own land

Reasons for Growth of Representative Government and Institutions During the Colonial Period:

·        Distance from England created a need for colonists to make their own laws and keep peace and order

·        Colonists were accustomed to English traditions and structures (Parliament)

Most colonies were self-governing, electing members of their community to a general assembly, which made their laws.

How did Religion and Virtue Contribute to the Growth of Representative Government in the American Colonies:

·       Religious freedom was a cause for the establishment of the American colonies.

·       Religious groups: Quakers, Pilgrims, Puritans, and others) creating communities that were self-governed.

Penn colony (Pennsylvania) was an experiment in the possibility of equality and citizens involved in the government.

Effects of Political, Economic, and Social Factors on Slaves During the Colonial Period

Slaves During the Colonial Period:

·       Political – no political voice; no rights

·      
Economic – labor of the Plantation System; considered property; children considered property and sold with no regard to parents

Social – viewed as property; viewed as outside the American identity

Effects of Political, Economic, and Social Factors on Free Blacks During the Colonial Period

Free Blacks During the Colonial Period:

·      
Political – no political voice; limited / restricted rights

·       Economic – low wage earners

Social – lowest social class; limited access to education; socially isolated

Physical and Human Geographic Factors on Colonization:

·   Proximity to the Atlantic coastline determined where settlements/colonies were created

·       
Human geographic factors – removal of the Native Americans, disease and conflict; for example, Georgia was a buffer between the other British colonies and Spanish Florida 

Federalists

Alexander Hamilton