What is the Old Regime?

The old regime was the form of government in the 1770's and before in France.

It was the idea that everyone was divided into estates, or social classes.

Name the three estates involved with the Old Regime and give descriptions of each (privledges, etc...)

The First Estate was made up of The Roman Cotholic Church and it's clergy. They owned 10% of the land in France. They provided education and relief for the underprivleged, and contributed 2% of it's income to the government.

The Second Estate was made up of rich nobles. Although they were only 2% of the population, the nobles owned 20% of France's land and paid no taxes. They were known to threaten Enlightenment because it threatened their status and power as a privleged people.

The Third Estate consisted of 97% of the French population.

Describe the Third Estate and each sub-group of it

The Third Estate was 97% of the French population.

There were three sub-groups in the third estate.

The first was the bourgeoisie, or middle class. They were bankers, factory owners, merchants, professionals, and skilled artisians. They strongly believed in Enlightenment ideals of liberty and equality and were well eduacted. Many of them paid hgh taxes, and felt as such they should be entitled to a greater power and social status as some of them were just as wealthy as nobles.

Next, was the French workers who made the second sub-group. They were tradespeople, apprentices, laborers, and domestic servants. They were paid low wages and frequently put out of work, they often went hungry. That, or they would steal their food and swarm vendors for what they needed.

Peasents formed the last sub-group. This groups was 80% of France's population (26 million). Peasents paid half of their dues to nobles, tithes to the Church, taxes to the king's agents, and taxes on food. They resnted the clergy and nobles for their special treatment and privleges. They were heavly taxed and wanted a change, and soon.

What is a tithe?

A church tax

Name some of the most important principles of Enlightenment, and name two men who were often quoted for their enlightenment ideals.

1.Liberty

2.Equaity

3. Democracy

-They would quote Rousseau and Voltaire-

Name some of the causes of France's poor economy in the 1780's

1. Increased High Taxes

2. Crop failures AKA grain shortage

3. The government going into debt due to Marie Antoinette and Lous XVI's spending. They had doubled the government's debt

What was the meeting of the Estates-General?

It was a meeting set up by Louis XVI to establish the new taxes in the 1780's as to help pay back France's debt

What is the National Assembly?

The National Assembly was a group of the Third Estates representatives coming together to pass laws for the French people

What was the Tennis Court Oath?

Who was Napolean Bonaparte?

A French leader who took over most Europe.

When did Napolean gain political power?

In 1799; He sent his troops to surround the national legislator and drove out most of the members. He then quickly assumed the powers of a dictator.

What caused the phrase was Napolean's quick seizure of politcal power.

It means "blow to the state"

What is a plebiscite?

A vote of the people

What are lycees, and why did Napoleon create them?

lycees were government-run public schools.

The schools were open to men from all backrounds, and were made to stop corruption in public office and to properly train future public officials.

What was the Napoleonic Code, and what were some things it did?

The Napoleonic Code was a system of laws made by Napoleon.

It gave the country a uniform set of laws and ended many injustices, but it did limit freedom of speech and freesom of press. It also restored slavery in the French colonies in the Caribbean.

When did Napolean crown himself as Emporer?

December 2nd, 1804

What was the significance of the Battle of Trafalgar?

It was a French loss, and a lot of their fleet (think ships) were destroyed. It confirmed the supremacy of the Britsih navy for the next 100 years. As well, it prevented Napoleon from invading Britain.

Not to mention, because he could not invade Britain, he had to find a new way to capture Britain. His newfound efforts to crush Britain would be what leads to his demise.

What was the Continental System and what was set up because of it?

 How was the Peninsular War fatal to Napolean?

In 1808, Naoplean sent invasion troops to Portugal in an attempt to make them accept the Continental System. This went on for six years where the Spanish and the French were pretty evenly matched, but then Britain sent troops to help the Spanish.

Napoleon lost about 300,000 troops during this war. It weakened the French Empire.

When did Napoleaon invade Russia?

What did the Russians do to try and make sure of Napoleon and the French's defeat?

Napoleon invaded Russia in 1812.

The Russians retreated and used a scorched-earth policy to make sure of the French's loss. This has Russia, while they retreat, to burn down grain feilds and kill livestock to leave the enemy with nothing to eat.

On September 7th, 1812 they clashed at the Battle of Borodino. The Russians lost and left Napoleon and his troops to go to Moscow. When napoleon got to Moscow a week later, the city was in Flames. Alexander burned it down rather see it being taken by the French.

What really brought down Napoleon and his troops in Russia?

After Napoleon had invaded Moscow, he stayed there until October before he decided to go back to France. As it snowed, and temperatures fell in early Noember, Russian raiders attacked Napoleon's already ragged, torn army. Due to this, many of Napoleon's soldiers died in the battles or due to their wounds. And not only by that, they also died from the cold, hunger, or exhaustian. The retreat from Moscow devastated the French Army- only 10,000 soldiers survived.

Where was Napoleon exiled the first time?

Elba, which was on the Italian Coast

The Battle of Waterloo was on June 18th, 1815. It was a battle in Belgium between Britain and France. Britain planned to fight in the belgian town of waterloo with the french right after Napoleon escaped from being exiled and regained emperor status in France.

Halfway through the battle, Prussians joined the British troops and together they defeated the french.

What did the Battle of Waterloo end?

Where did they exile Napoleon?

The Battle of Waterloo ended the Hundred Days which was Napoleon's final 100 days of trying to gain power.

Napoleon was exiled to St. Helena's, which was a small island in the South Atlantic. Napoleon died there in 1821 of a stomach ailment.

What was the Congress of Vienna?

The Congress of Vienna was aseries of meetings in Vienna as to restablish equal power throughout Europe after Napoleon's destruction.

Who was the most influential at the Congress of Vienna? What did this person want to do?

Prince Klemens von Metternich. He was the foreign minister of Austria.

He wanted...

1. He wanted to end French aggresion by surrounding them with strong countries

2. Create a balance of power

3. Restore Europe's royal families

Industrialization

The development of industries for the machine production of goods

Factory System

The transformation of goods in a a factory by capitol, raw material, and labor options.

Industrial Revolution;
Where did it start, and what was it?

The Industrial Revolution started in Britain in the mid 1700's when there was an increased output of machine made goods, or, more machines were being used in factories to produce goods.

What are the factors of production?

The resources needed to produce goods and services that the Industrial Revolution required

What were working conditions like in the Industrial Revolution? (Specifically, for Women and Children.)

Generally, working conditions in the Industrial Revolution were horrid. Everyone had to work 14 hour shifts 6 days a week.

Children were paid practically nothing, and were given the most hazardous jobs because of their small size and their desperation for the little money they were paid to help their struggling families.

Women were paid one-third that of men, and were treated unfairly.

When did Industrial Revolution workers recieve better working conditions?

With the Factory Act of 1933, many workers striked. Due to that, they won better conditions.

What was the New Middle Class?

What was it's effect on the social groups of the Industrial Revolution?

The new middle class were the factory owners, merchants, and bankers, (once in the middle class) who were making more then the others in their "middle class" and them joined the rich class.

Due to this, they increased the lvel of wealth you needed to be in a certain class. Landowners and aristocrats now became just the middle class instead of the upper middle class. The working class now became the lower class, because compared to the new middle class they had nothing.

What was the Women's Reformation?

When women started protesting and creted unions in hopes of winning better working conditions specifically for them (in particular, a higher salary). They would soon win better working conditions and pay.

What was Urbanization?

Population growth in cities causing a better demand for living space and jobs

What are Labor Unions/Strikes?

Groups of people fighting for better working conditions.

What were some positives of the Industrial Revolution?

(short term + long term)

1. Many Jobs were created

2. Added to the wealth of the nation

3. It fostered technological progress and invention

4. Healthier diets and homes

5. Cheaper, mass produced clothing.

6. Expanded education

7. With time, better working conditions for laborers as well as the upper classes

~

8. We can now afford industrialized goods that not too long ago were considered a luxury

9. Better living and working condtions ovr a greater period of time

10. local, state, and federal officials able to invest in urban improvements and raise the standard of living

Lassiz-Faire

The belief against government helping poor workers; The economic policy of letting owners of industry and business set working conditions w/out interference

Communism

A form of complete socialism in which the means of production- all land, mines, factories, railroads, and businesses- would be owned by the people. Private property or estate cease to exist, and all goods/services shared equally.

Karl Marx

A German journalist who introduced a type of capitalism which was very radical. He believed that people would always be divided into warring classes (poor, middle, high) and that the workers would overthrow the owners of industry.

Charles Darwin

Physicist who created the Theroy of Evolution, which was the idea of "survival of the fittest" which stemmed from natural selection

Sigmund Freud

Thomas Edison

Man who invented the first light bulb

Henry Ford

A businessman who created the first automobile the middle and lower classes could afford by limiting production cost by created assembly lines.

Protectorate

A country or a territory with it's own internal government but is under control of an outside power.

What was Unification made between, and what caused it?

A movement caused by nationalism caused Italy and Germany to unite

Nationalism

Strong pride for one's country

Who is Camillo di Cavour, and what did he do?

Cavour was the prime minister of Piedmnt-Sardinia in 1852. He wanted to see Sardinia have a greater power, so to do this he started a war in Austira and tried to seize and control Northern Italy

Who is Victor Emmanuel?

He was the king of Italy who united the two seperate parts of Italy in the 1800's

Who was Giuseppe Garibaldi and what were his troops called?

Garibaldi was a soldier who led a small group of troops, or Red Shirts as he called them, in 1860 and attempted to seize Sicily.

Who was Otto von Bismark?

The man who designed the German Empire in 1871 and became it's chancellor. He was also the leader of Realpolotik, and believed he could rule without parliament's permission.

What was the purpose of the Metternich System?

The metternich system was created to prevent future French Aggresiion, retore Britain's royal family to the thrown, and to restore the balance of power in Europe.

What was the Failed Revolution of 1848?

What is a sphere of influence?

When an outside power claims exclusive investment in a distant country.

What happened at the Berlin Conference (OR What was significant about the Berlin Conference?)

The Berlin Conference was a conference between 14 European nations laying down rules of how to divide Africa.

What is Paternalism?

Paternalism is a policy of reating subject people as if children; Providing for needs, but not giving them rights

What is assimilation?

A natoin forcing or encouraging people to adopt it's customs, traditions, and sometimes religion.

Where were Britain's colonies located?

Africa and Asia

What were the motives of Imperialism?

To gain, power, money, and land

What was the White Men's Burden?

 A book telling how white men needed to civalize and educate people from distant countries who are "below" people from America.

What were the effects of Imperialism?

Few Africans were given a proper education, and all Africans were discriminated against.

All European countires and the Americas gained money and prospects

What does M.A.I.N. stand for?
What does it symbolize all together.

M.A.I.N. stands for

Militarism- Alliances- Imperialsm- and Nationalism

It represents the four main causes of WW1

What was the tension between Germany and France before WW1 caused by?

Firstly, both France and Germany wanted Russia as their ally and were practically birbing them to be thier ally and no one elses.

Not to mention, France wanted Alsaice Lorraine back from the Germans, who won it in the Franco-Prussian war.

Who was the Triple Alliance?

Germany, Austria Hungary, and Italy.

Who was apart of the Triple Entente?

Great Britain, Russia, and France

What was the Powder Keg Region (Why was it called that) and what caused it?

The Powder Keg Region stemmed from the Balkans wanting freedom from the Ottoman Empire and the Turks. The Powder Keg Region was a region in Europe constantly bombed and in ruin from all the destuction caused by the Turks/Balkans fighting.

What sparked WW1?

The assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand by a Serbian assassin. Ferdinand and his wife Sophie were shot on June 28th, 1914 by the Serbian Gavrilo Princep.

Describe the Dreyfus Affair;

What is Anti-Semitism/Zionism?

A hatred of the Jewish people, and the belieif that they are not fit to be alive or not as good as you. Not to mention, that they should work for you because that is all they could ever be good for.

What was Germany's role during WW1?

What was Briatin's role during WW1?

Britain in WW1 was known for their imperialism in Africa and were the most well known/talked about/leader of the Triple Entente

What was Stalemate on the Western Front's significance?

What was Trench warafare like?

Stalemate on the Western Front was significant because it was the first long fight to use Trench warfare.

Trench warfare was not very effective. They were horrible to use because they would bring just as much harm to your troops as your enemy's. In trenches, troops would often catch fatal dieseases, get infections, be killed due to backfired attacks, and so on.

What day was the Lusitania sunk, and what was it's significance?

What was the Zimmerman Telegraph?

The Zimmerman Telegraph was an intercepted telegram between Germany and Mexico from Germany to Mexico. Germany said in the telegraph that if Mexico joined Germany's side, they would help Mexico regain it's lost U.S. territory. This telegraph is what pushed the U.S. into the war fighting in the Triple Entente against the Germans.

Who won WW1?

The Triple Entente

What were the Treaty of Versailles's terms for Germany?

That Germany repay all damaged contries a certain sum of moey, territory boundaries change, and Germany loses land and ability to have an army

What was the War Guilt Clause?

The War Guilt Clause was a ruling that Germany must publically apoligize for causing WW1 and must pay back every country back for damages

Why was Wilson's Fourteen Points significant?
What were the points, and when were they made?

What was the League of Nations?

A group of countries, organized by Woodrow Wilson as to help prevent future wars, having democratic forums to peacefully work thorugh problems and make compromises.

What is a mandate?

To give someone the authority to act in a certain way.

What is an Armstice?

When was this used between France and Germany?

An armstice is an agreement made by opposing sides of a war to quit fighting for a certain amount of time.

November 11th, 1918.

What is propaganda?

Information used to promote,publicize, or endourse a certain event, action, or group

What is mobilization?

The act of moving and preparing your troops for a fight ahead; The active assembling of troops

What was the German's view of the Weimar Republic?

Germans and really all of Germany hated the Weirmar Republic because they were the ones who signed the Treaty of Versialles. The Weimar Republic was blamed for the loss of WW2.

When was the Russian Revolution, and what was it/what happened to start it?

Who was Vladimir Lenin?

Who were the Bolsheviks?

A radical group of people led by Vladimer Lenin who fought for a new governemnt in Europe as to gain self-determination and Russia adapting to the communist party.

What is Appeasment?

The comprimise of a country with another country as to avoid war and keep peace

What is totaltarianism?

Domination of a people by controlling the media, education, public life, property, politics, and religion of their country.

Joeseph Stalin;

Name things about him

1. After the death of Lenin, he gained total control of the communist party in 1928.

2.. Practiced totaltarianism

What was the Communist Party?

The communist party was a type of government first founded by the Bolsheviks. They were pro-governement, and wanted the government to gain power and to distribute property.

What is a Gulag?

A Gulag is a labor camp Stalin created/used for those who broke the law during his reign

Who was Benito Mussolin?
Describe him

1. He rose to power promising he would rescue Italy and save the economy as well as rebuild their army

2.He founded the fascist party in 1919

3. In October 1922, 30,000 facists marched on Rome and demanded Victor Emmanuel make Mussolini in charge of the government.
The king followed, because he believed Mussolini was his best chance for his dynasty to survive, and soon after made Mussolini in charge "legally"

4. His nickname was Il Duce, or "the leader"

5. He abolished democracy and outlawed all other political parties other then fascism

6. He practiced totaltarianism by jailing his enemies,  controlling the economy, politics, outlawing strikes, censored radio stations, etc.

Fascist Party;

Name who they were created by and what they believed in

The facist party was founded by Mussolini.

It was a militant political movement that emphasizes loyalty to the state and obiediance to the leader. Fasicsm shared no specific plan or program, but they did share some similar ideas. Fascists believed that nations must struggle- weak nations were bound to be conquered. They preached nationalism. As well, they pleged to an authortarian leader. They would wear uniform of a particular color (black shirts in Italy at this time), used special salutes, and held mass rallies.

Adolf Hitler;

Describe his rise to power, his time in jail and how he got there, mein kampf, and when/how he became chancellor.

Adolf Hitler at the start was a little known political leader. He volunteered for the army adnwas awarded the Iron Cross, the medal for barvery, twice in WW1.

In 1919, he joined a small right-wing political group. This group believed they needed to overturn the Treaty of Versailles combat communism. The group later named themselve the National Socialist German Worker's Party, or Nazis for short. It's politics formed Nazism.

Soon, Hitler was chosen to be leader of the Nazis. Inspired by Mussolini's seize on Rome, Hitler and the Nazis tried to storm Munish in 1923. He was arrested and sent to jail for five years. In there, he wrote Mein Kampf, which basically explained his whole plan to rise to power as well his plans for Germany. He also asserted that Germans, which he called Aryans, were a master race. That, and that anyone who wasn't an Aryan such as Jews, Slavs, Gypsies, and such were inferior.

He became chancellor in 1933, after the Nazi party (the largest political party since 1932) advised President Paul von Hindenburg to make him chancellor. Soon after being chancellor, he called for elections hoping to win a parliamentary majority. He used his power to turn Germany into a totaltaria state.

What was the Nazi Party's Theroy/Ideal?

Nazis believed in they were Aryans, and that they were the master race. They believed all other religions and creeds were inferior, and that the Nazi party is the one and only political party

What was the Holocaust?

The Holocaust was the genocide of millions of Jews made out at the hand of Adolf Hitler

What was the Final Solution/Auschwitz?

The Final Solution was Hitler's plan of genocide for all Jews after he grew impatient of having the Jews die slowly in ghettos. Auschwitz was the largest German death camp.

What was Germany's attempt to defeat Britain?

Who won.

Hitler wanted to take out the British airforce, so in 1940 he started bombing Britain. However, Britain had electronic tracking, which helped Britain to win.

What was the "Soviet Pact"/Non-Agression Pact?

A pact signed by Germany and Russia to come to a truce and not harm or attack each other

Wat was the Gestapo?

The Gestapo was the secret german police. They would investigate anyone who was suspected to be doing anything against Germany,Hitler, or the Nazi ideology.

What was German's economic plan in WW2?

It was a command economy, where people were given commands on how much money to spend/give to the government

What were the causes of WW2

(3)

1. The Versailles Treaty

2. Disagreements between countries

3. The need for countries to gain power

Who were the Allies?

Britain, France, and Russia

Who were the Axis powers?

Japan, Germany, and Italy

Pearl Harbour:
When did it happen and what was it's significance?

It happened on June 7th, 1942. It was the surprise attack Japan made on the U.S. Naval base in Hawaii. It was the cause the U.S. entered the war, as 12,300 Americans were killed.

When was D-Day and what was it's significance?

It happened on June 6th, 1944. It is an important battle because it was a huge turning point for the Allies because 70% of the German troops were killed there. The Allies most definitely won the battle.

What is Pacifism?

To be against war

What was the Rhineland?

A region near the French river Rhine which was on the border between Germany and France. In WW2, they fought between this region.

Who was President Truman (how did he come into power?) and what important desicion did he make?

President was the vice president for a time, but then became president after Franklin Roosevelt passed away. He was the man who decided to drop the atomic bombs on Japan.

Where were the atomic bombs dropped, and what were some of the effects?

The atomic bombs were dropped on Nagasaki and Hiroshima. Both cities suffered major casulaties, injuries, and radiation spanning years after the bombs.

Who won WW2?

The Allies

What were the Nuremberg Trials?

After the war ended, the remaining high officers and influential members of the Nazi party were put on trial for "crimes against humanity".

During the cold war, who were kulaks?

What was the containment theroy?

A plan Truman made as to prevent the spread of communism

What was the Marshall Plan?

A plan of financial aid by the U.S. to help stabalize the economy of European countries

What does NATO stand for, and what was it's significance?

It stand for the

North American Treaty Organization

It was a defensive military alliance between 14 European countries as well as the United States and Canada made in 1949. It would mean that any attack on a NATO member would result in armed forces from all other NATO members.

What was the Welfare State?

A period when many countries depended on the U.S.S.R. or communism

Who was Nikita Khrushchev

What was the 1956 uprising in Hungary?

When the Hungarian army joined the Hungarian protests for Russia to find a new government

What was the Cuban Missle Crisis?

When the Soviet Union brought missles to Cuba by boat and threatened the U.S. with the missles. It was basically a standoff whether or not we were to start a war, but thankfully the Russians turned around and nothing bad happened.

What was the Potsdam Conference and what was it's significance?

A meeting between leaders of Britain, Russia, and the U.S. after WW2 where they decided to split up Germany equally between them, Nazis were to be tried at Nuremberg, and that Russia needed to be paid back for all of the damages done onto them.

What was the Soviet policy towards Germany after WW2?

They wanted to split Germany into parts

What were the two main countries affected by the Truman doctrine?

Turkey and Greece

What was the Truma Doctrine?

Truman's offer to European countries to give them money and military support for them to remain/become a democracy instead of becoming communist and being influence by Russia

What was the German's economy like in the 1950's?

The German economy in the 1950's was bad, but it was in the beginning stages of getting better

Mass production

Production of large quantities of something often through assembly lines

Corporation

A company/group of people authorized to act as a single entity and are seen as such in a court of law

Monopoly

The exclusive possession or control of a commodity/service's trade and supply

Adam Smith

Thomas Malthus

A British pro-capitalist economist who wrote "An Essay on the Principle of Population" that argued the population grew faster then food supply, and that if people did not die in wars or due to dieseases, we would all suffer.

David Ricardo

A British pro-capitalist economist who wrote "The Principles of Political Economy and Taxation" which prophesized wages would decrease as the working population increased