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| Causes of the American Revolution -- Mercantilism |
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| Mercantilism is the economic theory that the wealth of a nation depends upon its capital. First and foremost Mercantilism was state control over human behavior: the belief that many aspects of a nation's economy had to be regulated. With the acquisition of colonies came the recognition that their purpose was to satisfy the needs of the mother country. The regulation of economic activities in the colonies, then, centered around the accumulation of wealth for the mother country, at the colonies' expense. It became the leading cause of the American Revolution. |
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| Virginia House of Burgesses |
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| First elected legislative assembly in the New World established in the Colony of Virginia in 1619. Served as an early model of elected government in the New World. |
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| Fundamental Orders Of Connecticut |
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| The orders, adopted by the Connecticut Colony council in 1638, outlined the powers and structure of the government of the Connecticut River towns, setting its structure and powers. Regarded as the first constitution written in the Western tradition. |
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| Union of Five Tribes under one government on the basis of equality. Regarded as an influential model for the foundation of the United States government on the basis of its political union and democratic methods. |
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| It was signed on November 11, 1620 by 41 of the ship's more than one hundred passengers, in what is now Provincetown Harbor near Cape Cod. The Mayflower Compact was the first governing document of Plymouth Colony. It was written by the colonists, later together known to history as the Pilgrims, who crossed the Atlantic aboard the Mayflower. Almost half of the colonists were part of a separatist group seeking the freedom to practice Christianity according to their own determination and not the will of the English Church. It was in essence a social contract in which the settlers consented to follow the compact's rules and regulations for the sake of survival. The Mayflower Compact is often regarded as the foundation of the Constitution of the United States. |
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| She was an Indian Catholic nun of Albanian origin who founded the Missionaries of Charity in Calcutta, India in 1950. For over 45 years she ministered to the poor, sick, orphaned, and dying, while guiding the Missionaries of Charity's expansion, first throughout India and then in other countries. Received Nobel Peace Prize in 1979. Beatified by Pope John Paul II in 2005. |
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| He was the pre-eminent political and spiritual leader (1869-1948) of India during the Indian independence movement. Known as "Father of The Nation" in India for his defiance of British government and success in civil rights movement. He pioneered resistance to tyranny through mass civil disobedience, a philosophy firmly founded upon "ahimsa" or total nonviolence—which helped India to independence and inspired movements for civil rights and freedom across the world. |
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| Chinese military and political leader (1893-1976) who led the Communist Party of China to victory against the Kuomintang in the Chinese Civil War. Leader of the People's Republic of China from establishment in 1949 till death in 1976. Heralded as an influential leader who transformed China into a world power. Mao's social-political programs, such as the Great Leap Forward and the Cultural Revolution, are blamed for costing millions of lives, causing severe famine and damage to the culture, society and economy of China. Mao's policies and political purges from 1949 to 1976 are widely believed to have caused the deaths of between 50 to 70 million people. |
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| Born 18 July 1918, served as President of South Africa from 1994 to 1999, and was the first South African president to be elected in a fully representative democratic election. Before his presidency, Mandela was an anti-apartheid activist. In 1962 he was arrested and convicted of sabotage and other charges, and sentenced to life in prison. Mandela served 27 years in prison. |
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| Austrian-born German politician (1889-1945) who led the National Socialist German Workers Party, commonly known as the Nazi Party. Chancellor of Germany 1933-1945, and Fuhrer 1934-1945 ruling the country as an absolute dictator of Germany. Lead vast rearmament of Germany and exploited nationalism, anti-semitism, anti-communism, and other propoganda. Invaded Poland, effectively starting WWII. Responsible for the Holocaust and execution of various other "undesirables". |
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| The Russian Revolution is the collective term for the series of revolutions in Russia in 1917, which destroyed the Tsarist autocracy and led to the creation of the Soviet Union. A Bolshevik(communist)-led revolution in October of that year, lead by Vladimir Lenin, institued dramatic change in social structure, paving the way for the USSR. |
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| He was a German philosopher (1818-1883), political economist, historian, political theorist, sociologist, communist, and revolutionary, whose ideas played a significant role in the development of modern communism. Often recognized as the father of communism. Analysis of history led to his belief that communism would replace capitalism as it replaced feudalism. Believed in a classless society. |
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| He was an English naturalist (1809-1882) who established that all species of life have descended over time from common ancestors, and proposed the scientific theory that this branching pattern of evolution resulted from a process that he called natural selection. This is the basis of modern evolutionary theory, and, in modified form, his scientific discovery remains as the foundation of biology. He published his theory with compelling evidence for evolution in his 1859 book On the Origin of Species. |
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| He was a Venezuelan political leader (1783-1830). Together with José de San Martín, he played a key role in Latin America's successful struggle for independence from Spain. During his short life, he led Bolivia, Colombia, Ecuador, Panama, Peru and Venezuela to independence and laid the foundations of Latin American ideology on democracy. |
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| It was a period (1789-1799) of radical social and political upheaval in French and European history during which the French government underwent structural changes, and adopted ideals based on Enlightenment principles of nationalism, citizenship, and inalienable rights. Changes were accompanied by violent turmoil and executions. |
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| It was the political upheaval during the last half of the 18th century in which thirteen colonies in North America joined together to break free from the British Empire, combining to become the United States of America. Based on disapproval by colonists of several taxes and other unpopular laws. Protests lead to fighting in 1775, and after two main British armies were captured in 1777 and 1781 and an alliance of the colonists with the French, the Treaty of Paris was signed. |
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| Glorious Revolution 1688-1689 |
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| The overthrow of King James II of England by a union of Parliamentarians and an invading army led by Dutch William of Orange who, as a result, ascended the English throne as William III of England. Last successful invasion of England. Dealt serious blows to Catholicism in England: catholics could not vote or sit in Parliament for 100 years; monarchy could not be catholic or marry into catholicism. |
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| English Revolution of the 1640s |
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| Period of English civil wars lasting from 1640-1660. Period when Parliament challenged Charles I's authority, leading to civil conflict with his forces, and his eventual execution in 1649. Experimented with republicanism for ten years before monarchy restored in 1660 by Charles I's son, Charles II. |
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| Known by its contemporaries as the Turkish Empire. At the height of its power (16th–17th century), it spanned three continents, controlling much of Southeastern Europe, Western Asia and North Africa. The empire was at the center of interactions between the Eastern and Western worlds for six centuries. With Constantinople as its capital city, the Ottoman Empire was, in many respects, an Islamic successor to the Eastern Roman (Byzantine) Empire. |
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| One of the most important campaigns in the Spanish colonization of the Americas. The invasion began in February 1519 and was acclaimed victorious on August 13, 1521, by a coalition army of Spanish conquistadors and Tlaxcalan warriors led by Hernán Cortés and Xicotencatl the Younger against the Aztec Empire. |
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| Refers to the trading, primarily of African people, to the colonies of the New World that occurred in and around the Atlantic Ocean. It lasted from the 16th to the 19th centuries. Most enslaved people were shipped from West Africa and Central Africa and taken to North and South America. One part of a three-part economical system known as the MIddle Passage of the Triangular Trade. |
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| French military and political leader (1769-1821). General during French Revolution, Ruler of France as First Consul of the French Republic, King of Italy, Mediator of Swiss Confederation, and Protector of the Confederation of the Rhine. His actions shaped European politics in the early 19th century. |
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| Italian (1452-1519) polymath: painter, sculptor, architect, musician, scientist, mathematician, engineer, inventor, anatomist, geologist, cartographer, botanist and writer. Leonardo has often been described as the archetype of the Renaissance man. Creator of Mona Lisa, Last Supper, Vitruvian Man. |
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| A German goldsmith and printer (1398-1468) who introduced modern book printing. His invention of mechanical movable type printing started the Printing Revolution. Created the 42-line Gutenberg Bible, noted for its high aesthetic and technical quality. His printing technology was a key factor in the European Renaissance, and is considered one of the most important inventions of all time. |
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| Recognized as the bubonic plague. Spread to Europe from Asia in the 1340s. One of the worst pandemics in human history, killing an estimated 75 million people worldwide. Estimated to have killed 30% to 60% of Europe's population, approximately 25-50 million. |
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| A German (1483-1546) priest and professor of theology who initiated the Protestant Reformation. He strongly disputed the claim that freedom from God's punishment of sin could be purchased with money as it was taught by the Catholic church. He was excommunicated by the Catholic Church in 1521. He translated the Bible into German, and this contributed to the further development of the German language. Hymns inspired the development of congregational singing within Christianity. Author of the 95 Theses. |
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| Manorialism represented the economic portion of feudalism where all aspects of life were centered on the lord’s manor including the village, church, farm land and mill. Manorialism involved a hierarchy of reciprocal obligations that exchanged labor or rents for access to land. Manorialism also encompassed the political relations between the Lord of the Manor and his peasants. This allowed the Lord of the Manor governmental power which included the maintenance of a court. |
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| political and economic system of Europe from the 9th to about the 15th century, based on the holding of all land in fief or fee and the resulting relation of lord to vassal and characterized by homage, legal and military service of tenants, and forfeiture. Basically, was defined as the granting of land in return for military service. In theory, was the expression of a society in which every man was bound to every other by mutual ties of loyalty and service. |
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| Series of trading routes covering approximately 5,000 miles. Lead to development of China, Japan, Egypt, Persia, Indian subcontinent, and Rome through the silk trade and transmission of cultural ideals through interaction. Initiated around 114 BC by the Han Dynasty of China. |
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| Began in 1066. Led by William the Conquerer. His military victory at the Battle of Hastings led to Norman control of England. This control would influence England more with continental Europe than Scandinavian culture. Would also lead to rivalry between England and France for the next millenium. |
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| A king of the Franks from 747-814. Charles the Great, or Charles I. Ruled over Western and Central Europe. Conquered Italy and was crowned Imperator Augustus by Pope Leo II in 800. Regarded as founding father of French and German monarchies, and as Father of Europe. |
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| Located in Egypt, the Giza Pyramids consist of the Pyramid of Khufu, the Pyramid of Khafre, the Pyramid of Menkaure and smaller satellite edifices known as queen's pyramids, causeways and valley pyramids. Adjacent to the Great Sphinx. Only one of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World still standing. |
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| Classical Greek philosopher (428/427BC - 348/347BC). Laid Western philosophical foundations with his teacher, Socrates, and his student, Aristotle. Founder of first institiution of higher learning in the Western world, the Academy in Athens. |
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| Chinese thinker and social philosopher (551BC - 479BC). Influenced Chinese, Korean, Japanese and Vietnamese cultures. |
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| Last Pharoh of Egypt (69BC - 30BC). After she died, Egypt became a Roman province. Had children with Roman generals Julius Caesar and Marc Antony. |
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| Born in Mecca, died in Medina (570 - 632). Founder of Islam. Regarded by Muslims as a prophet of God. Teachings make up the Qu'ran, the Muslim holy book. |
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| Leader (1162-1227) and founder of Mongol tribes of Asia. Ruled from 1206-1227. Occupied most of Asia during reign. |
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| Causes of the American Revolution -- Policies |
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| The French and Indian war (1754-1763) between Britain and France ended with the victorious British deeply in debt and demanding more revenue from the colonies. It levied taxes on the 13 colonies in order to finance this debt. However, with the defeat of the French, the colonies became less dependent on Britain for protection. |
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| Taxation without representation |
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| One of the rallying cries of the American Revolution: No Taxation Without Representation. The English Bill of Rights of 1689 set forth that no taxes could be collected without consent of Parliament. Since the colonists had no members of Parliament to represent their interests, they believed that the taxes violated the Rights of Englishmen in the Magna Carta. The complaint was over the decision-making process of taxation without Colonial representation. |
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| Series of laws passed by England on its colonies that basically restricted colonies from buying imports from anywhere else but England. Based heavily on the theory of Mercantilism. Writs of assistance (search warrants) were issued in the 13 colonies as a means of enforcing the Navigation Acts. They were one of several sources of resentment in the American colonies against Great Britain, helping cause the American Revolutionary War. |
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| Series of laws passed by England on its colonies that basically restricted colonies from buying imports from anywhere else but England. Based heavily on the theory of Mercantilism. Writs of assistance (search warrants) were issued in the 13 colonies as a means of enforcing the Navigation Acts. They were one of several sources of resentment in the American colonies against Great Britain, helping cause the American Revolutionary War. |
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| Articles of Confederation |
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| The first governing constitution of the United States. Brought the thirteen original individual states into a union with a confederation government. Took three years for the thirteen states to ratify the Articles, from December 1777 until March 1781. |
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| Philadelphia Convention of 1787 |
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| Took place from May 25 to September 17, 1787, in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. It was called to address problems in governing the United States of America, which had been operating under the Articles of Confederation following independence from Great Britain. Originally intended to revise Articles of Confederation, many proponents set out to form a new government rather than fix the old one. The result of the Convention was the United States Constitution. The Convention is one of the central events in the history of the United States. |
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| The Federalist Party was an American political party in the period 1792 to 1816. Formed by Alexander Hamilton. Controlled the government until 1801. They wanted a fiscally sound and strong nationalistic government and was opposed by the Democratic-Republicans. The United States' only Federalist president was John Adams; although George Washington was broadly sympathetic to the Federalist program, he remained an independent his entire presidency. |
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| Democratic-Republican Party |
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| Founded by Thomas Jefferson and James Madison in 1792. Became a dominant political party until it split in the 1820s, part of which becoming the Democratic party. Opposed economic and foreign policy of the Federalists, and supported states' rights. |
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| It was a political party operating from 1833 to 1856. The party was formed in opposition to the policies of President Andrew Jackson and the Democratic Party. In particular, the Whigs supported the supremacy of Congress over the executive branch and favored a program of modernization and economic protectionism. The name "Whig" was then a widely recognized label of choice for people who saw themselves as opposing autocratic rule. |
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| Formed in the 1820s after split of the Democratic-Republican party on ideals after the loss of the War of 1812. Oldest surviving political party in the U.S; the party boasts the lengthiest record of continuous operation in the United States. |
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| The belief that the United States was destined to expand across the North American continent, from the Atlantic seaboard to the Pacific Ocean. It was used by Democrats in the 1840s to justify the war with Mexico. It was used to promote the annexation of most of the Western United States (Oregon Territory, Texas Annexation, and the Mexican Cessation). It was always regarded as a general notion rather than a specific policy. The concept was denounced by Whigs, and fell into disuse after the mid 1850s. |
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| It was the acquisition by the United States of America of 828,800 square miles of France's claim to the territory of Louisiana in 1803. Originally,it was a meeting to discuss the purchase of the city of New Orleans as means of a port. Napolean was on the verge of war with England over previous treaty agreement, and had to forego plans of a vast colony in North America. Doubled the size of the United States at the time, and represents 23% of the current size of the country. The land purchased contained all of present-day Arkansas, Missouri, Iowa, Oklahoma, Kansas, Nebraska, parts of Minnesota that were west of the Mississippi River, most of North Dakota, nearly all of South Dakota, northeastern New Mexico, the portions of Montana, Wyoming, and Colorado east of the Continental Divide, and Louisiana west of the Mississippi River, including the city of New Orleans. In addition, the Purchase contained small portions of land that would eventually become part of the Canadian provinces of Alberta and Saskatchewan. |
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| The Texas Annexation of 1845 was the voluntary annexation of the Republic of Texas to the United States of America as the twenty-eighth state. It quickly led to the Mexican War (1846–48) in which the U.S. captured further territory west to the Pacific Ocean. Annexed via a joint resolution through Congress, supported by President-elect Polk, and approved in 1845. Land from the Republic of Texas later bacame parts of NM, CO, OK, KS, and WY. |
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| The Texas Annexation of 1845 was the voluntary annexation of the Republic of Texas to the United States of America as the twenty-eighth state. It quickly led to the Mexican War (1846–48) in which the U.S. captured further territory west to the Pacific Ocean. Annexed via a joint resolution through Congress, supported by President-elect Polk, and approved in 1845. Land from the Republic of Texas later bacame parts of NM, CO, OK, KS, and WY. |
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| It refers to lands surrendered, or ceded, to the United States by Mexico at the end of the Mexican War. The terms of this transfer were spelled out in the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo of 1848. Mexico agreed to give up the lands as part of the Treaty which ended the Mexican-American War. This territory included all of the present-day states of California, Nevada, and Utah and also parts of Arizona, Colorado, New Mexico, Utah, and Wyoming. The U.S. paid $15 million for 525,000 square miles. To the United States, this massive land grab was significant because the question of extending slavery into newly acquired territories had become the leading national political issue. |
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| Treaty signed in 1846 that brought an end to the Oregon boundary dispute stemming from the Treaty of 1818 in which both U.S. and British settlers were granted free navigation of the territory |
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| View that America was spreading as an empire rather than a nation. |
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| It was a serious economic depression in the United States that began in 1893. This panic was caused by railroad overbuilding and shaky railroad financing which set off a series of bank failures. Until the Great Depression, the Panic of '93 was the worst depression the United States had ever experienced. |
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| It was a conflict in 1898 between Spain and the United States. The U.S. forced Spain to peacefully resolve the Cuban fight for independence. It sent the USS Maine as a sign of national interest. After the mysterious sinking of the American battleship Maine in Havana harbor, and through "yellow journalism", tensions were raised and war was declared. Decisive naval victories in Cuba and the Philippines brought about the signing of the Treaty of Paris. The U.S. was awarded Puerto Rico, Guam, and the Philippines. |
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| It was a military conflict centered on Europe that began in the summer of 1914. The U.S. originally vowed isolationism, and tried to bring peace. Germany made a deal with Mexico to ally their countries if the U.S. entered the war. Germany sank 7 U.S. merchant ships in violation of international law. U.S. declares war and sends munitions and soldiers. |
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| The Fourteen Points was a speech delivered by United States President Woodrow Wilson to a joint session of Congress on January 8, 1918 concerning foreign policy. It became the basis of the terms of the surrender of Germany, documented in the Treaty of Versailles during WWI. |
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| Theory where a country remains neutral in military and political alliances. |
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| He was a United States Navy flag officer (1840 -1914), geostrategist, and educator, who has been called "the most important American strategist of the nineteenth century." His ideas on the importance of building a strong navy influenced navies all around the world, and helped prompt naval buildups before World War I. |
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| He was the 26th President of the United States (1858 - 1919). Increased size of Navy, "Great White Fleet". Added Roosevelt Corollary to Monroe Doctrine. On the world stage, Roosevelt's policies were characterized by his slogan, "Speak softly and carry a big stick". Received Nobel Peace Prize for mediation of end of Russo-Japanese war. Later arbitrated split of Morocco between Germany and France. |
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| He was the 28th President of the United States (1856 - 1924). Brought the U.S. into WWI. Delivered the Fourteen Points speech that later became the basis of the terms of the surrender of Germany |
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| He was the 32nd President of the United States (1882 - 1945). Renounced the right of U.S. to intervene in Latin America. Felt America should be "Arsenal of Peace" at onset of WWII. Was "anti-imperialist" and sought to end European colonialism. Gave the "Infamy Speech" in which he said the United States of America had been suddenly and deliberately attacked by naval and air forces of the Empire of Japan and declared war on Japan in 1941. |
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| A German-born American political scientist (born in 1923), diplomat, and recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize for helping to end the Vietnam War and withdrawing American forces. He served as National Security Advisor and later concurrently as Secretary of State in the administrations of Presidents Richard Nixon and Gerald Ford. After his term, his opinion was still sought out by many following presidents. Heavily involved in South American politics as National Security Advisor and Secretary of State. Condoned covert tactics to prevent communism and facism from spreading throughout South America. |
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| It was one of the first major international crises of the Cold War. During the multinational occupation of post-World War II Germany, the Soviet Union blocked the Western Allies' railway and road access to the sectors of Berlin under their control. In response, the Western Allies organized the Berlin Airlift to carry supplies to the people in West Berlin. Great Britain's Royal Air Force and the recently formed United States Air Force, flew over 200,000 flights over the time span of one year that provided 13,000 tons of daily necessities such as fuel and food to the people of Berlin. The blockade was lifted in May 1949 and resulted in the creation of two separate German States -- East and West Germany. |
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| The Korean War (1950–1953) was a military conflict between the Republic of Korea (South Korea), supported by the United Nations, and the Democratic People's Republic of Korea (North Korea) and People's Republic of China (PRC), with air support from the Soviet Union. The war began on 25 June 1950 and an armistice was signed on 27 July 1953. The war was a result of the political division of Korea by agreement of the victorious Allies at the conclusion of the Pacific War. It was the first significant armed conflict of the Cold War. |
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| It was the first Earth-orbiting artificial satellite. It was launched into an elliptical low Earth orbit by the Soviet Union on 4 October 1957, and was the first in a series of satellites collectively known as the Sputnik program. The unanticipated announcement of Sputnik 1's success precipitated the Sputnik crisis in the United States and ignited the Space Race within the Cold War. The U.S. would go on to create NASA, Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA), and increase U.S. government spending on scientific research and education. |
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| It was a Cold War military conflict that occurred in Vietnam, Laos, and Cambodia (1955 - 1975). This war followed the First Indochina War and was fought between the communist North Vietnam, supported by its communist allies, and the government of South Vietnam, supported by the United States and other anti-communist nations. Failure of U.S. foreign policy and the fall of Saigon in 1975 ended the war. |
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| It was a primary program (1947–1951) of the United States for rebuilding and creating a stronger economic foundation for the allied countries of Europe, and repelling communism after WWII. Named after Secretary of State George Marshall |
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| The North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) . It is an intergovernmental military alliance based on the North Atlantic Treaty and it was signed on April 4, 1949. The NATO headquarters are in Brussels, Belgium, and the organization constitutes a system of 26 countries and 14 allied states whereby its member states agree to mutual defence in response to an attack by any external party. |
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| McCarthyism is the political action of making accusations of disloyalty, subversion, or treason without proper regard for evidence. The term specifically describes activities associated with the period in the United States known as the Second Red Scare, lasting roughly from the late 1940s to the late 1950s and characterized by heightened fears of communist influence on American institutions and espionage by Soviet agents. Originally coined to criticize the anti-communist pursuits of U.S. Senator Joseph McCarthy. |
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| It was a confrontation between the Soviet Union, Cuba and the United States in October 1962, during the Cold War. The crisis ended with the Soviets dismantling the offensive weapons and returning them to the Soviet Union in exchange for an agreement by the United States to never invade Cuba. As a secret part of the agreement, all US-built Thor and Jupiter IRBMs deployed in Europe were deactivated. Regarded as the moment that the Cold War almost came to nuclear war confrontation; one of the major confrontations of the Cold War. |
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| It was the final conflict (1990 - 1991) initiated with United Nations authorization, by a coalition force from 34 nations against Iraq, with the expressed purpose of expelling Iraqi forces from Kuwait after its invasion and annexation. Resulted in overwhelming victory for the coalition. |
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| An African-American Muslim minister, public speaker, and human rights activist (1925-1965). To his admirers, he was a courageous advocate for the rights of African Americans, a man who indicted white America in the harshest terms for its crimes against black Americans. His detractors accused him of preaching racism, black supremacy, antisemitism, and violence. He has been described as one of the greatest and most influential African Americans in history. |
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| Amendment to the United States Constitution that prohibits each state and the federal government from discriminating against any citizen the right to vote based on sex. Ratification was complete in August 18, 1920, but not ratified by Mississippi until 1984. |
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| Economic downturn in the U.S. associated with the stock market crash in 1929 and lasting until war economy boost in 1939. Period of several economic and employment reforms set forth by the New Deal adminstration of Franklin D. Roosevelt. |
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| Officially titled Servicemen's Readjustment Act of 1944, it was a bill that President Franklin Delanor Roosevelt signed into law that provided for college or vocational training for returning WWII veterens as well as one year of unemployment compensation. Also provided for loans for returning veterens to buy homes and start businesses. |
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| Landmark legislation that outlawed segregation in U.S. schools and public places. Began the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission, prohibiting discrimination in all facets of public life and invalidated the Jim Crow laws of the South. It became illegal to compel segregation of the races in schools, housing, or hiring. |
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| Legislation of July 2, 1890, that requires the United States Federal government to investigate and pursue trusts, companies and organizations suspected of violating the Act. It was the first Federal statute to limit cartels and monopolies, and today still forms the basis for most antitrust litigation by the United States federal government. However, for the most part, politicians were unwilling to use the law until Theodore Roosevelt's Presidency (1901-1908). |
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| Also known as the Johnson-Reed Act. Federal law limiting the number of immigrants that could be admitted from any country to 2% of the amount of people from that country who were already living in the U.S. as of the census of 1890. |
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| A political discourse which emphasizes the rights and powers of "the people" vs "the elites". Is not characterized by a strong right or left wing movement, but is characterized by a sometimes radical critique of the status quo. |
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| period of reform (1890s - 1920s). Opposed waste and corruption while focusing on the general rights of the individual. Pushed for social justice, general equality, and public safety. Significants in this movement included trust-busting, Sherman Anti-trust Act, President Theodore Roosevelt, Upton Sinclair's "The Jungle", Pure Food and Drug Act and the Meat Inspection Act of 1906. |
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| Policies set forth during FDR terms. Included the National Labor Relations Act (Wagner Act), Works Progress Administration, National Youth Administration, Social Security Act, and the United States Housing Authority. |
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| American civil rights leader (1820-1906) who spearheaded women's suffrage in the United States. She gave 75-100 speeches a year for 45 years. |
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| American civil rights activist (1868-1963), public intellectual, Pan-Africanist, sociologist, educator, historian, writer, editor, poet, and scholar. First African-American to receive Ph.D. from Harvard in 1895. Battled twentieth century racism as civil rights leader. |
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| Progressive Wisconsin Senator and Governor (1855-1925). Staunch supporter of the Progressive movement, and vocal opponent of railroad trusts, bossism, WWI, and League of Nations. |
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| American union leader (1855-1926), one of the founders of the International Labor Union and the Industrial Workers of the World, and five-time Socialist Party of America Presidential Candidate. |
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| Four time governor of Alabama (1919-1998). Most famous for his pro-segregation attitude and as a symbol for states' rights. |
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| Billionaire Texas businessman, best remembered for running for President in 1992 and 1996 under Independent Party banner. |
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| Founder (1860-1935) of Settlement House Movement. First American Woman to earn Nobel Peace Prize in 1931 as president of Women's Intenational League for Peace and Freedom. |
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| American businessman (1863-1947), founder of Ford Motor Company, father of modern assembly lines, and inventor credited with 161 patents. |
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| He (1882-1945) was the 32nd President. Created New Deal policy which provided relief for the unemployed, recovery of the economy, and banking and economic reforms. |
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| Pivotal leader (1929-1968) of the American Civil Rights movement. Non-violent leader, became youngest person to receive the Nobel Peace Prize in 1964 for his efforts to end segregation and racial discrimination. Led Montgomery Bus Boycott, helped found Southern Christian Leadership Conference, and led March on Washington in 1963 where he delivered "I have a Dream" speech. |
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| Farm worker (1927-1993), labor leader, and civil-rights activist who helped form the National Farm Workers Association, later the United Farm Workers. |
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| American (1921-2006) feminist, activist and writer. Best known for starting the "Second Wave" of feminism through the writing of her book "The Feminine Mystique". |
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| Ideology of running a nation as a republic, with an emphasis on liberty, rule of law, sovereignty, and the civic virtue practiced by citizens. |
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| Separation of powers. Model for the governance of democratic states. |
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| Political philosophy in which a group of members are bound together with a governing representative head. |
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| The belief that the legitimacy of the state is created by the will or consent of the people, who are the source of all political power. |
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| Series of 85 articles advocating the ratification of the Constitution. They serve as a primary source for interpretation of the Constitution, as they outline the philosophy and motivation of the proposed system of government. |
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| This bill of 1869 was a precursor to the American Bill of Rights. Is largely a statement of certain rights that its authors considered the citizens/residents of a constitutional monarchy ought to have. |
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