Term
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Definition
| a system by which a society ranks categories of people in a hierarchy |
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Term
| principles of stratification |
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Definition
1. a trait of society
2. persists over generations
3. universal but variable
4. involves beliefs |
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Term
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Definition
social stratification based on ascription, or birth. Birth determines social position:
1. occupation of father
2. marriage within caste
3. social life within caste
4. belief systems support caste |
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Term
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Definition
stratification based on birth and individual achievement
1. mobility with education and skills
2. work involves personal choice
3. equal standing with the law |
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Term
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Definition
| class system based solely on personal achievement |
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Term
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Definition
degree of uniformity in a person's social standing on various dimensions
caste: no mobility, so high status consitency
class: mobility, so less status consistency
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Term
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Definition
new stratification system
- Apparatachiks
- Intelligentsia
- Manual Workers
- Peasants
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Term
| People's Republic of China |
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Definition
1949 Communist Rev.
new stratification system
-political elite
-managers
-industrial workers
-peasants
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Term
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Definition
| earnings from work or investment |
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Term
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Definition
| total value of money and other assets, minus debt |
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Term
| approximate median levels |
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Definition
< hs $27,100
hs grad $48,600
some college $58,200
assoc $65,200
BS/BA $90,000
MA/MS $106,700
PhD $135,600
Prof $150,800
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Term
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Definition
top 5% of society
earn at least $200,000 a year
-upper uppers
-lower uppers
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Term
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Definition
42% of society
earn $49,000 - $200,000
tremendous cultural influence
-upper middle
-average middle
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Term
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Definition
33% of society
blue-collar jobs
earn $28,000-$49,000
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Term
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Definition
bottom 20% of society
earn less than $28,000
low prestige jobs
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Term
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Definition
| patterns of social inequality in the world as a whole |
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Term
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Definition
-developed during Ind. Rev
-GDP per capita above $13,000
-USA, W Europe, Japan, Australia, Canada, etc.
23% of world pop
47% of world's land
75% of world's income
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Term
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Definition
-limited industrialization
- GDP per caoita $2,500-$13,000
-Russia, E Europe, Laten Am, China, India, etc.
61% world pop
36% world land
23% world income
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Term
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Definition
-primarely forming
-GDP per capita below $2,500
-central and E Africa, parts of Asia
17% world pop
18% world land
17% world income
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Term
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Definition
| lack of resources others take for granted |
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Term
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Definition
life threatening lack of resources
-life expectancy at birth
-% living to age 65
-% children under 5 y/o seriously underweight
- daily caloric intake
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Term
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Definition
-100 million in poor countries in streets
- early pregnancy; little medical assistance
-commonly forced to join armed groups, provide physical labor w/o pay, work as sex slaves
-poor nations have high % of the pop below 15 y/o
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Term
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Definition
-work more undervalued in poor nations
-sweatshop workers mostly
70% absolute poverty
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| more common form of bondage |
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Term
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Definition
| employee in debt to employer |
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Term
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Definition
| women forced into marriage |
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Term
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Definition
| forced laborer moved place to place |
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Term
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Definition
technological and cultural differences between societies
historical: poverty as the norm
-world exploration, trade
-ind rev
-early adapting nations prospered
cultural: why not everywhere?
-tech viewed as threat
-tradition as a barrier
-religion as a barrier
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Term
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Definition
historical exploitation of poor nations by rich ones
historical: poor countries were better off before
-colonial process "underdeveloped" poor nations
-economic position of rich and poor are linked
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Term
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Definition
| some nations enrich themselves through political and economic control of other nations |
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Term
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Definition
| new form of global power relationships that involves not direct political control but economic exploitation by multinational corporations |
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Term
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Definition
social stratification has beneficial consequences for the operation of a society
- the greater the functional importance of a position, the more rewards a society attaches to it |
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Term
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Definition
| social stratification involves 3 dimensions of inequality: class position, status, power |
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Term
| why no Marxist Revolution? |
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Definition
1. fragmentation of the capitalist class
2. higher standard of living
3. more worker orgs
4. greater legal protections |
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Term
| Oscar Lewis's "culture of poverty" |
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Definition
| a lower-class subculture that can destroy people's ambition to improve their lives. |
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Term
| socioeconomic status (SES) |
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Definition
| a composite ranking based on various dimensions of social inequality |
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