Micro = The individual issues

Mezzo = Regional issues

Macro = Larger Structures and Idealogies

Phase 1 - 1870 - 1929

- Led by private charities

Philosophy:

- Poor are undeserving and lazy

- Poor should be cared for by friends and family

- Deserving Poor should get some municipal support i.e. widows, children, disabled

- Support given through churches and private charities

- Christian values

- Poor placed in institutions

Phase 1 - 1870 - 1929

1. Increased immigration (1900 - 1910)

2. Settling of the West

3. Ubranization due to Industrial Revolution (1900 - 1910)

4. WW1 (1914 - 1918)

Issues addressed by Phase 1:

1. After WW1 were many widows with children

2. Increased in disabled becuase of WW1

3. Post war unemployment

4. Litte money being taxed by province for Health, Education, and Welfare

5. People could not afford services

The Veteran's Pension was enacted after WW1 by the Federal government.

Verterans were given:

1. Financial assistance and a parcel of land

2. Helped veterans find jobs

3. Provided income assitance for soldier's widows and/or children

The Workmen's Compensation Act of 1914 was a Provincial Act, now called the Workplace Safety and Insurance Board - WSIB.

- Industrialization increased workplace accidents

- Employees contributed money to a compensation fund

- Families could apply for compensation if someone was injured on the job

- Employees no longer had to sue their employers for compensation

Mother's Allowance was a provincial Act, first enacted in Manitoba 1916 and then Ontario in 1920.

- All women with children were guaranteed some income

- Women and children were vulnerable because being widowed (WW1) and/or divorced

- Helped to change attitudes towards women and brought child protection issues to the forefront

The Old Age Pension of 1927 was a Federal Act.

It was needed because:

- There were no private pension plans

- People were living longer

- The elderly were forced to apply for public relief

Problems:

- Demeaning means test (income and assets)

- Had to be 70+ years and a Canadian citizen

Phase II of Social Work/Service lasted from 1929 - 1950

Two events that promoted Phase II:

1. WWII (1939 - 1945)

2. The Great Depression (1929 - 1939)

Phase II was characterized by Provincial forms of relief

Four Enactments from Phase 1 1870 - 1929

1. Veteran's Pension (Federal)

2. Workmen's Compensation Act of 1914 (Provincial)

3. Mother's Allowance (Provincial)

4. Old Age Pension of 1927 (Federal)

Seven forms of relief from Phase II of Social Work/Services

1. Direct Relief (Provincial)

2. Indirect Relief (Provincial)

3. Work Camps (Provincial)

4. Unemployment Insurance Act of 1949 (Federal)

5. Family Allowance Act of 1944 (Federal)

6. Old Age Security Pension Plan of 1951 (Federal)

7. Canada Assistance Plan of 1966 (CAP)

Direct Relief was a Phase II Provincial form of relief consisting of:

- Cash, vouchers for groceries, clothing and fuel

- "Relief in Kind" provision of food, fuel, clothing and other necessities

Indirect Relief was a Phase II form of relief.

- Consisted of government funded public work projects i.e. building roads, golf courses, Rockway in KW etc

Promblems of Indirect Relief:

- Poorly planned and uncoordinated

- Created too much financial burden on cities and towns

- Was largely phased out by 1932

Some of these same policies are still used i.e. "Make Work Projects"

Work Camps were a Phase II form of relief

- They were used to provide unemployed, transient men with jobs

Problems:

- They were in remote areas and paid poor wages

Results:

- Protests and fear of widespread revolts

- Federal government become involved

The Unemployment Insurance Act of 1940 was a Federal Act that is now called Employment Insurance.

- Intended as a temporary form of support

- 4.6 million Canadians were served in its first year

- Now all three levels of government (Federal, Provincial, Municipal) contributing to social welfare in Canada

The Family Allawance Act of 1944 was Phase II form of relief enacted by the Federal government in response to the Marsh Report.

- Universal to all families

- To address poverty

- Solve problem of poor nutrition

- Solve problem of high infant mortality

- no means test required

- Over $250 million spent in first year

- Now only provides to those with low incomes

The Old Age Security Pension Plan of 1951 was Phase II Federal Act.

- Replaced Old Age Pension Act

- Now universal benefit available to all persons over 65

- No means test required

The Canada Assistance Plan of 1966 (CAP):

- Cost share program between Federal and Provincial Government

- Viewed as a Safety Net

- Federal gov set standard for basic equality across provinces by paying 50% of provincial costs of health, education and welfare

- Provinces determine their own eligibility rules and benefit levels

- Provinces decided cost of basic needs, but could also pay for transportation, daycare and dental

- Included child protection services such as Family & Children's Services, rehabilitation services, home care services etc.

- Social welfare is about how people, communities, and institutions in society take action to provide minimum standards and opportunities.

- It is generally about helping poople facing "contingencies."

- It is to help people through difficult times until they can rebuild their lives.

The Welfare State Provides:

- Programs and supports to protect health and well being of the population

- Develped after WWII, but eroding

- Goverment collects taxes to pay for services

- Attempts to compensate for shortfalls in Capitalism

- Also called "The Social Safey Net"

The Residual Approach is US approach

- Provides help to people as a last resort

- Government should not provide social welfare

- Governemnt should only help when private options fail

- "Survival of the Fittest" belief in "American Dream"

- "Helph thy neighbour"

Problems of the Residual Approach to social welfare:

- People may not get the help they need

- How do people prove they have exhausted all other avenues of help and are in need of government support?

- The criteria for government support may be unclear

- People in need of help are viewed as weak, and weakend society

The Institutional Approach is a Canadian Approach

- Government has some responsibility to those in need

- Belief that society benefits as a whole

- Sharing resources for the common good of society

- Universal basic health care, income support services, regardless of ability to pay for these services

- OHIP, family benefits - welfare state that provides universal income security, health benefits and education

Problems:

- Services may be taken advantage of

- Idea of Universality being eroded

Selective Programs are:

- "Band Aid" approaches

- People must qualify based on low income

- Short-term, Emergency Assistance until person can be self-sufficient i.e. Ontario Works

Advantages:

- Target speical populations and meet needs effectively

Disadvantages:

- Expensive and complex to administer

- Time-consuming assessment of applications

- Creat social stigma for recipient

Social Services + Income Security = Social Welfare

Social Services:

Personal or community services provided to help individuals and families improve their social well-being.

Income Security:

Income support in the form of demogrants (grants based purely on demographic principles), social insurance, social assitance, and income supplementation that can be unconditional or based on an income or needs test, or negative income tax.

Income Support Programs:

Government operated programs which provid e the basic needs to people, such as money for shelter, food, and clothing. i.e. Ontario Works, Employment Insurance

Describe and name four types of Income Support Programs.

Four Types of Income Support Programs:

1. Universal Cash Transfers

- Everyone entitled to benefits

- There are no income security benefits that can be exactly defined as universal (Social Work in Canada, 3rd Edition, Steven Hick)

2. Selective Cash Transfers

- Must qualify because of low income and/or disability i.e. Ontario Works

3. Social Insurance Programs

- Forced savings plans adminsitered by the government - Pay Now = Benefit Later i.e Canadian Pension Plan, Employment Insurance

4. Tax Credits

- Assist lower income earners i.e GST credit

Universal Programs

Advantages:

- All citizens receive same quality of service

- Simple to administer

- No assessments

- Benefits easy to distribute, especially in information age

Disadvantages:

- Expensive, ineffincient, wasteful (given to those that do not need it)

_{Eligibility for is Assessed by:}

_{1. Means Test:}

- Based on a person's income and assets

2. Needs Test:

- Based on needs

- Income is considered in terms of being able to meet the need

- May receive partial subsity for service (Sliding Scale)

3. Income Test:

- Income above a certain level disqualifies person from receiving services

Social Services:

Services provided by a combination of public and private organizations for members of the community, including education, housing, health, individual and family support, and child welfare.

What are "Personal Services?"

Personal Services:

Also known as Soft Services, include couneling, child welfare, family support, and services which deal with family violence (shelters, rape crisis centers). These services may be government operated, private, or non-profit (i.e. Lutherwod, ROOF, KW Habilitation Services)

Three types of Personal Services:

1. Socialization and Develpment Services

- Provide life skills, including parenting and lif management skills

- Programs that enhance self-esteem, other personal qualities and ablities i.e Homemaker services, Big Brothers, Community Centers, ROOF

2. Therapy, Help and Rehabilitation Services

- Build skills and abilities that have diminished due to material breakdown, illness, accidents, unemployment, stess

3. Access, Information and Advice Services

- Provide a variety of services for specific problems/concens i.e. Legal Aid, Crisis Line, Human Rights Board, Victim Services

- May consist of representatives from a variety of social service agencies and academic disciplines i.e. Shared Services, Central Point Access-Helplink

- Sometimes, all players work for the same institution (hospitals), or different social service areas

- Comprehensive support for clients in all areas of need, especially good for multi-problem families

Three Sectors of Social Service Systems:

1. Public

- Programs funded by taxes i.e. Family & Children's Services

2. Commercial/Proprietary

- Private Profit making agencies

3. Voluntary

- More focus not on "Third Sector

The Federal Government has transferred responsibilies to:

- Other government levels

- Private Sector

- Voluntary Services i.e. new initiatives between Federal and Voluntary Sectors

The Provinces and Territories are responsible for welfare programs such as mental health, chilld welfare, foster care, and social assistance.

There are 3-Tiers of Responsibility:

1. Central government ministry has ultimate program responsibility

2. District and branch offices supervise services

3. Local government offices deliver services

The Municipal Government has more repsonsiblity to deliver social welfare because of "devolution" (deregulation) from the Federal and regional government

- Up to 50% of the costs are taken from local property taxes and user fees

1. Canada Health and Social Transfer (CHST):

- Block Funding

- For Health Care, Post Secondar Education, Social Assistance and personal Social Services

2. Equalization Programs:

- Money transferred from one province to another by the Federal Government

3. Territorial Formula Financing (TFF)

- There is more money to cover the higher cost of pulic services in the North West Territories

- Requires funding such as Health Insurance

- Leaves Gaps in service and requires user fees

- Services include Private Practice, Counseling,

1. The Conservative Government has pushed privatization

2. An Increase in goverment licences to practice privately

3. International trade agreements i.e. NAFTA

4. Jobs lost to US and Mexico due to lower labour costs and lower building costs

- Social Welfare funded by:

1. Sliding Scale fees

2. Government paying for contracts / purchase of services i.e. nursing homes, daycare, homemakikng services

Pros:

- Consumer has more choice of services

- Better Quality Services

Cons:

- Poor cannot afford services

- Against welfare values

- Lack of commitment and social conscience

1. Community Service Agencies

- Bureaucraic structure with voluntary board i.e. Family Service Agencies, Family & Children's Services

2. Quasi-Public Agencies

- Privately Incorporated

- Total or Partial government funding i.e. Hats Off

3. Self-Helf Groups

- Formed by employees and volunteer groupls

i.e. AA, NA

1. Sectaran

- Religious

- Traditional and Historical

2. Secular

- Non-religious

1. They are representative from the community

2. They may be former recipients of these services

Pros:

- May work better with the community, more trust, and community more responsive

- Reinforces citizenship through participation and self-esteem improvements

Cons:

- Are becoming more bureaucratic due to government expecations for contracts

- Are becoming cut throat because of competition or funding

- Are compromising goals and losing touch

 - Need to meet government criteria for funds

1. The functions of private and public agencies overlap

2. Joint projects between government and private sectors

3. Government devolution of services and lack of funding

1. Commitment

- Between Federal government and voluntary sector

2. Construction

- Monitor research consultation process

3. Consolidation

- Focus on how public and voluntary sector will work together

Macro Level:

- National exapansion of role of commercial and voluntary sectors

- More partnerships

Mezzo Level:

- Service delivery overlap

- More consultation and negotiation between commercial and voluntary sector

Micro Level:

- Service delivery

- New service delivery with less government influence

1. The state of the economy determines social policy

- i.e. higher unemployment = more expenditure on programs for social welfare

- more money on job creation/placement

2. High deficit = lower expenditures on social programs

3. Social spending may damper economic activity

i.e. higher unemployment premiums = disincentive for employers

- unemployment people cannot purchase goods that help th economy grow such as big ticket items

Unemployment!

Results:

- Canada has the highest unemployment rates of the G7 nations

- Homelessness

- High crime rates

- Child Poverty

- Loss of Hope

1. Labour Market

- More high-tech

- Less labour intensive

2. Labour Force Polarization

- Fewer jobs in the semi-skilled sector

- More competition for these jobs

3. Changing Work Patterns

- Shorter Work Week

- More part-time and contract jobs = No benefits

- High level of competition

- Fewer people paying taxes

1. Residential

2. Non-Residential

1. Hierarchical

2. Collectivist (Collorative)

- Certifies practitioners with proper credentials

- Sets and enforces professional and ethical standards

- Establishes a complaints and discipline process regarding incomplete or unprofessional conduct

- Offfers ongoing professional development

- Establishes a register of workers

• increse members' knowledge of self & others
• help claridy changes most want to make      
• provide the tools needed to make changes   
• support their changes                                

By interacting with others in a trusting and accepting environment, participants are given the opportunity to experiment with behaviour and to receive honest feedback from others concerning the effects of their behaviour. As a result, they learn how they affect others.

What are Task Groups?

(aka task facilitation groups)

• Common in many organizations and agencies
• Focus on application of group dynamics principles and processes to improve practice
• Foster accomplishment of identified work goals

Types:

• task forces
• committees
• planning groups
• treatment conferences
• social action groups

What Agencies were presented at the Resource Fair?

(missing one)

1. Lutherwood

2. Ontario Addiction Treatment Centre (OATC)

3. Carizon family & communit services

4. Kitchener Downtown Community Health Centre

5. The Working Centre

6. Child Witness Center

7. Argus Residence for Young People

8. Hope Spring Cancer Support Centre

9. Community Justice Initiative (CJI)

1. Administration

2. Field

1. Targeted Cash Transfers

2. Univesal Cash Transfers

3. Contributory Programs

4. Tax Relief Measures

1. Targeted

2. Universal

The Canada Social Transfer is a cost-sharing program.

Each province and territory receives an equal per capita payment.

About 75% of the CST fianances social assistance, child-care services and social services across Canada.

The remaining 25% supports postsecondary education

A federal program to correct regional disparities in wealth

The federal government gives additional funding to the less prosperous provinces so they can implement social programs of similar quality to wealthier provinces

Government programs such EI and Social Assistance require people in work and/or training programs.

Canada used to support Passive Labour Market Policies that did not require participation in training programs

Provides services, respecting the dignity and indepdence of people with Disabilities.

Helps people with disabilities access services

1. Commitment: between federal government and voluntary sector

2. Construction: monitor research consultation process

3. Consolidation: focus on how public and voluntary sector will work together

1. Personal Helpers

2. Community Helpers

3. Voluntary Helpers

4. Agency Helpers

The groups people belong to because of their place or position in history and society.

All people have a social location that is defined by their gender, race, social class, age, ability, religion, sexual orientation, and geographic location.

Each group membership conveys a certain set of social roles and rules, power, and priviledge, which heavily influences our identity and how we see the world.

1. Race

2. Sexual Orientation

3. Class

4. Ability

5. Religion

6. Gender

Oppression occurs when a person is blocked from opportunities to self-development

Is exculded from full participation in society

Is assigned a second class citizenship, not because of individual talent, merit or failure, but because of his or her membership in a particular group or category of people

1. It is Pervasive: throughout social instititutions as well as embedded within individual consciousness

2. It is Restricting: structural limits significantly shape a person's life chances and sense of possibility, out of an individual's control

3. It is Hierarchical: the dominant or priveleged groups benefit, often in unconscious ways, from the disempowerment of subordinated or targeted groups

4. The Dominant Group has the Power to Define: and name reality and determine what is normal, real or correct.

1. A Special Advantage that is not common or universal

2. Is Granted not Earned

3. Is an Entitlement related to status or rank

4. Benefits the Recipient to the Detriment of others

5. Often Outside of the Awareness of the beholder

Because people of colour often say white people enjoy white privilege

White people often deny that they have it and that it exists

White Privilege must be defined to be recognized

1. Denial

2. Minimization: "it's not that bad"

3. Challenge: legitimacy of research

1. Reduce power relationships between worker and client

2. Challenging practice that creates emotional, physical and social distancing

3. Demystify helping skills

4. Share and translate helping skills among clients

1. Open about the limits of helping

2. Keeps files open to clients

3. No case conferences without clients present

4. Clients equally involved in creating agency policy

(Accountable to Clients)

1. To provide Practical, humanitarian care to service users (victims)

2. To work towards a restructuring society's instititutions to become user friendly

1. Personal vs. Political: emaphasis has been personal i.e. case management - need to be more politically aware

2. Status Quo: Becoming more client centered

- Making client aware of the origin of the problems

- Increasing knowledge of group oppression

- Confronting Inappropriate Behaviours

1. Ideological Hegemony: political and corporate control of insititutes and ideas i.e newspapars controlled by 3 major corporations

2. Personal Deficiency: if you cannot make it, it is your fault

3. Horizontal Violence: oppressors are too powerful, so take frustrations out on your own group i.e robbery, selling drugs - oppressors use the to negatively stereotype oppressed

1. Cannot Empower Others: we can only aid the process

2. Mutual Learning: do not talk to client, talk with client

3. Do Not Exploit Helping Process: not what is good for worker, but good for client

4. Empowerment is a Goal and Process and therefore:

- Slow

- Ongoing

- Offers real Choices

Helping clients relieve feelings of guilts i.e.

- Are over 1.5 million unemployed Canadians

- It's not their fault

- There are many skilled people who are unemployed

1. Help clients gain power and influence in organizations and institutions that affect their lives i.e board membership

2. Help clients gain information/knowledge, resources and training that will help to create more opportunities

Linking clients in similar circumstances:

1. Results - common problems / develop strategies

2. Emphasizes changes in social structures

3. Reduces Guilt and Self Blame

1. Ask Questions: challenge outdated or oppressive policies

2. Competence: give you credibility

3. Seek Allies: look for colleagues who think like you do (collective actions), especially those that may have some power or credibility

1. Conformity is embedded

2. Not Alienating coworkers

3. Maintaining Professional Values over Organizational Allegiance

4. Creating Increased Participation in Decision Making

1. Alleviate the most severe problems that exploit people

2. Change the conditions that cause these problems

1. Micro:

- Individuals, Family, Groups

2. Mezzo:

- Organizational change (programs, policies and procedures)

3. Macro: (Community development/organization)

- Quantitative change

- Qualitative change

- Social Indicators (Big Picture)

1. Self-Help Groups

2. Educational Groups

3. Support Groups

4. Task Groups

5. Social Action Groups

The Canada Health and Social Transfer (CHST) replaced the Canada Assistance Plan (CAP).

Under the CHST regional governments receive a lump sum or BLOCK FUND for social service programs

Mainly Social Welfare, Postsecondary Education and Health-Care.

Canada's failed economic and fiscal success during the 1990s failed to provide a reasonable standard of living for almost 5-Million Canadians:

How did Poverty change in Canada from 1990 to 2000?

- From 1990 to 2000 Canadians living in Poverty rose from 4.39 million to 4.72 million or 16.2% of Canadians

- In 1999 18.7% of children lived in Poverty compared to 15.2% in 1989

- Between 1989 and 2000 the number of foodbank visits doubled

1. About 1/3 of Canadians that file tax returns make so little that they do not pay taxes

2. Some programs penalize low income families such as the Universal Child Care Benefit (UCCB) i.e. it pays $100 per month for each child under six. These payments are taxable and can push a family into a higher tax bracket. This might mean losing eligibility for other tax breaks.

1. A Declining quality of life

2. Increasing Income Inequality

From Core funding to Project Funding

Core Funding: was long term and stable, and flexible

Project Funding: often short-term and cannot be used to cover costs not directl related to the project

An investor funds a non-profit organization, which delivers the services.

If agreed upon goals are met, the government pays a bonus to the investor