Term
| What is the welfare state? |
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Definition
it is there to catch people. It used to be a safety net but it has shifted to a trampoline now.
it also embodies a social guarantee. It has shifted from being a charity to simply being a human right. It is supposed to being ablee to have a basic life. |
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Term
| In what three terms is the welfare divided in? what does it mea and give an example of countries |
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Definition
- universal/social democratice. -Sweden/austria/netherlands/belgium
-residual/ liberal. -U.S./australia/canda
-selective/ conservative. - italy/germany/finlan.
universa states that everyone pays Ito the system and everyone benefits. this is the most generous cluster and smallest
residual doesn't provide much, only in extreme causes will the government help. state provision is minimal
selective is that benefits are earning-related. people in paid employment benefit |
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Term
| Which of the three types of welfare has the highest level of decommodificaiton? |
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Definition
Social democratic/universal has the highest level of decommodication
and liberal has the best job prospects ( if you were to be an immigrant) |
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Term
| classify the years of the welfare state in chronological ordeR? |
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Definition
1950/60- the golden age: the expensan of the welfare state
1970- oil crisis--> thus a rising of uneployment, stagnation
1980/1990- redistribution of the state responsibility. shift to a trampoline
contemporary= from old to new social risks. high welfare state popularity |
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Term
| how are social risk produced? |
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Definition
| not resulted from individual choice but produced by the social system of production, |
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Term
| what are two types of social risks |
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Definition
-external social risk: not your own fault
-manufactures: own responsibility
difficult debate because some are both. bearing a child example what is it |
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Term
| Why is risk management needed? because what can happen? |
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Definition
- market failures= some people are mor affected than others. this is adverse selection. example: women. It means that risks are not evenly distributed
- informational failures: information asymmetry. we don't always know everything, such as insurance companies
- social risks can have collective consequences |
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Term
| what were some traditional old social risks? |
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Definition
| breadwinner model, external risk, old age, disability, unemployment |
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Term
| what leads to new social risks.? |
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Definition
| change in employment(more women). decline in solidarity, changes in demographic( migrants, waging of population), family changes (lone parents, divorcing0, blurred boundaries work and life, possessing low or obsolete skills |
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Term
| what is the difference between OSR and NSR |
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Definition
osr is a more traditional model/breadwinner model
nor is more knowledge/service economy |
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Term
| what is the social investment state |
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Definition
| iit is a strategy to develop and protect human capital over the life course of families, citizen, societas |
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Term
| what are three key policy functions? |
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Definition
stock- the human capital idea ( skills and knowledge need to be up to date)
flow- * make sure the transitions run smooth ( the bridge/trampoline)
bufer- the safety net. serving and protection. also called a piggy bank. |
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Term
| what happens if you have good buffers |
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Definition
| you develop good stocks. stock is long term. example eduction |
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Term
| what does the social investment approach want to do in relation with the policy functions |
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Definition
| they want to ease the flow, raise the quality of the stock (human capital), and maintaining a strong minimum income universal safety net. |
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Term
| on what three principles is the welfare state bases? |
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Definition
decommodifitation: the reliance of the individual upon the market. In terms of the degree to which welfare states are free from the martket
social stratification: maintaining or breaking it down
private and public mix- rthe roles of the state, family voluntary sector |
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Term
| what is the order of adoption of programmes and expansion? |
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Definition
1, compensation industrial accidents
2. sickness and invalidity
3. old age pensions
4. employment insurance
5. ( family allowance) |
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Term
| what is a critique on te social investment and explain it? |
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Definition
the Matthew effect
it says that the middl/high class disporportiaonally benefits more from social investment.
ex: childcare services is more sued by higher income. |
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Term
| give an example of a stock buffer and flor |
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Definition
young adults:
stock: secondary education, and skill acquisition
buffer:solid minimm wage
flow: vocational education and training |
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Term
| Explain stock, buffer and flow in terms of ALMPS?/ parental leave |
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Definition
| childcare services engages flow in creating job opportunities, also adding revenues bases of social protection is the buffer and helping offspring to a strong human capital in life is a stock |
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Term
| what should happen to stock and flow for it do benefit disadvantages, low income people? |
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Definition
| raising the sock and easing the flow |
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Term
| what does outsourcing mean? |
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Definition
| it means paying others for tasks that we don't want to do or don't have time to do so |
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Term
| what are the social invesment promises? |
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Definition
| early childhood education, gender equality, less NEET, more skilled population, higher employment rates |
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Term
| what are reasons for us not meeting the social investment promises? |
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Definition
tneo liberalism is one of the reasons. ( laissez faire approach)
cafeteria social invemsnt is ants. it means that people don't do skills because they don't think they need it
path dependency is another. the decisions one makes is limited of the decisions in the past. |
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Term
| what is the Matthew effect in relation to childcare, higher education and ALMPS? |
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Definition
childcar= low end doesn't benefit
higher education: low end harder to get into university
ALMP: creaming, we scoop the best parts. |
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Term
| what is the future of the social invesmt |
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Definition
| time money and millennial |
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Term
| how is the chain of poverty broken? |
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Definition
| childcar= enrolment parents working- higher quality environment- breaks the chain of poverty |
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Term
| what is the relation ALMPS and Matthew effect |
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Definition
| ALMP is relatively immune to Matthew effects |
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Term
| why is social investment difference across crountries? |
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Definition
therefore politics of reform need to be studies. but there are two key factors. the policy legacies and the class coalitions
policy legacies make use of the path dependency mechanism ( states that one decision is aligned to another made before)
class coalition is the availability of a support coalition |
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Term
| Policy legacies how is this diveded what are the problems |
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Definition
1time horizons ( investments may take a long time)
2.taxes
3/millenials |
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Term
| what are three conditions for governments to choose the long-term investment |
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Definition
1- if they will be elected
2- the problem of uncertainty- will it work?
3- capacity to enact change |
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Term
| say samenhing about millennial. a problem of policy legacie |
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Definition
postponed adulthiid (shift age-wage)
divided generation ( raised inequality_
hidden in the household ( the invisible poor) |
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Term
| what ism the capability approach |
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Definition
| how individuals have or don't have the qual opportunity ( even though there is food some people are starving) |
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Term
| how are inequality en equality linked? |
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Definition
| inequality in one common means equality in another. they are extrinsically linked |
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Term
| what are conversion factors? |
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Definition
| they bridge the gap between the activities(resourced) and the capabilities( what people are effectively abel to reach) |
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Term
| explain conversion factors in terms of micro, mesh and macro? |
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Definition
micro: alle the characteristics that make up who you are ( gender, access to education, race, health(
meso: the group organisations you belong to. your job( do they let you take parental leave?, social network ( do you know how schooling works in nk)
macro: caracteristics of society that the individual is part of. social norms (what is appropriate) and social movements ( are we able to vote)
conversion factors interact with each other resulting in the capability set from which an individual can then choose |
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Term
| what is rational choice theory |
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Definition
| you with the cons and pros of a decision and make a conscious decision. this should satisfy emendatory requirements of consistency and coherence. |
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Term
| what is prospect and raming theory |
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Definition
| the rational choice is not the best way of telling us how to make a decisionm |
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Term
| How are people in relation to certain and uncertain gains what would they choose? |
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Definition
people will choose certain gains over probabilistic gains.
but people will choose probabilistic losses instead of a certain loss |
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Term
| what happens when you frame something positively or negatively |
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Definition
frames positively you choose for certainty
when you Frame something negatively you are willing to take a risk |
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Term
| what is the prospect theory? |
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Definition
this looks at the status quo. because we fear what we might loose.
that is why sure gains weigh more than probabilist gains.
this all depends on your level of need |
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Term
| what would you choose according to the prospect theory? |
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Definition
if you can get 100 for sure, of 50% you get 200 and 50% nothing people will choose the 100,
our past shapes our status quo |
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Term
| what is risk averse and what is risk taker |
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Definition
risk averse means when there is a choice between certain and uncertain gain
risk taker is when there is a choice between certain or uncertain loss |
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Term
| how is our status quo affected according to the prospect theory? |
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Definition
this can be affected by social norms/expectations.
our reference point keeps changing
if someone is in high need, they are willing to take more risk. |
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Term
| what is the risk sensitivity theory |
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Definition
| decision makers should prefer high-risk options in situations of high need |
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Term
| what are three conversion factors |
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Definition
personal conversion facots
social conversion facors
environmental conversion facts |
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Term
| what are the five main concepts of the capability approach and what do they mean? |
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Definition
means- resources ( economical, or social) this includes childcare provision for example:
capabilities= interaction of conversion factors result in a set of capabilities. these are the alternatives an individual can choose from
achieved function = even when you have the same access to means they may not achieve the same outcomes. this is part of the overal set. it it what they are able to do.be
covnersion factors- the real choice an individual have,d pends on the conversion factors. it is actually how much functioning can someone get out of it if you relate it to a bike., how much mobility can a person get out o it.
agency= people may not achieve the same due to a variation in an individuals situated agency |
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Term
| what are the five indivarots mention in article of yerks about childcare |
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Definition
| availiilt, accessibility, afoordatibiliyt, quality and flexibility |
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Term
| what is activation policy? |
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Definition
looks at unemployment. Under this term is the ALMP/ that looks at the way that unemployed re-enter the labour market.
activation - make work day |
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Term
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Definition
| wants to make sure unemployment spells are as short as possible --> proactively helps people re-enter the labour |
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Term
| how is the Matthew effect related to lamp |
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Definition
| if we keep increasing the skills hat happens then to people that don't have skills? |
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Term
| apply the capability approach: what extent men and women are equal in caring for children? |
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Definition
first the policy means: is there childcare, is there care leave, is there flexible working.
then they should look at the conversion factors, the conversion factors make the bridge between the resources and what the people are effectively able to reach ( the capabilities)
the conversion looks at:
micro- the age, educational level
meso- looks at he job network and social network
and mess looks at the social norms and media
these conversion factors are unique to each individual
following the conversion factors the individual will get a capability set. this is the set of options from which one can choose and will choose and at last there will be the achieved functioning which is the actual outcome |
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Term
| why do people not make rational choices? |
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Definition
because individuals want to keep what they have. there we don't make rational choices and want to avoid risks---> this is therefore short-term decision making.
the choice an individual makes will depend on how the situation is framed? |
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Term
| what does the framing theory sate about people and minor and big risks? |
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Definition
| the theory states that people think they will not face risks ( becoming occupationally disabled or lose a job) therefore people overestimate small risks ( needing dental work) and overtime large risks ( being sick in the long run, losing ones job) |
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Term
| what is the division of educational labour? |
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Definition
- time in school. time reflects the outcome. also the age at which children begin. the more time in school the better educational outcome
- parental involvement. education is school and parents. for immigrates this is an obstacle. language barriers, limited education and a lack of knowledge.
communal involvement. Help with wchoolwork example |
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Term
| what is the critique on tracking |
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Definition
no consensus regarding the age for separating children.
the earlier a child is tracked, the greater the influence of social background. |
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Term
| what is family mobilisation thesis |
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Definition
| parents of 2nd generation have higher aspiration for their children. |
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Term
| for immigrants what type of labour market is best to choose |
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Definition
| a liberal country. because they are open flexible. so you can easily enter the labour market and when it is very protective it gets hard to get in. |
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Term
| what is the big difference between liberal en conservative/social democratic country |
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Definition
| liberal is better prospects of finding a job,but if you cannot find a job than social democratic is better because there is a safety net ( they have housing provision for example. |
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Term
| what is the role of decommodifciation? |
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Definition
| it is the degree to which welfare services are free of the market. in such a system, welfare such as education and healthcare are provided to all and not linked to the market. |
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Term
| what system has high level of decommodificatios? |
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Definition
social democratic has a high level of decommodifation
liberal has a low level of decommodication |
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Term
| what are three things that are general policies of the education system |
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Definition
traccking, teacher discretion and free choice®istration.
these are all critiques because they can have unintended policies. these policies are not made with migrants in mind. |
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Term
| multiculturalism in the Netherlands what is the policy and what is the critique? |
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Definition
the policy: stimulates language and cultural identity, granting exception on basis of all religion and migrant-specify policy such as anti-discrimination. but the critics is that it leads to segregation, regies culturele religion. what is the culture and it sets migrants apart.
segregation leads to poor outcomes |
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Term
| what is the new dutch policy |
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Definition
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