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Definition
Define: The scientific study of the way in which individual are affected by social situations
- At least one person have a social psychology
- The interaction
- Environment can change behavior
- Social situation: Any event that occurs in a person's environment |
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Soc Psyc vs Sociology
(Ch.1) |
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Definition
Soc Psyc
- Hybrid science (Sociology and psychology)
- Focues on Individual
- Research method is experiental
- Lab based
- Manipulate their behavior to test their response to it
- Micro
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Sociology
- How does society affects people
- Macro
- Research method is more questionnaires |
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Impt. of theory (Lewin)
(Ch.1) |
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Definition
-"There's nothing so practical than a good theory"
- Global laws of social behavior
- We wll call a theory a law if it's 70% accurate
-Social Psyc can never have law as physics
- Can't have a law
- Most of the time social psyc is social psyc
-Humans are unique
- He started the "Center for Group Dynamics" institution
- Institute of Social Research in Ann Arbor |
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Definition
-An integrated set of principles that can explain and predict observed events
-An abstract statement about the world
- General, broad |
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| Any property of a phenomenon that can differ in quality or quantity |
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| Studies that seek clues to cause effect relationship by manipulating one or more factors while controlling others |
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Experimental Control
(Ch.1) |
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| The ability to hold all variables constant except for the one understudy |
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| In research, an effect by which participants are misinformed about the study's methods and purpose |
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Social Representation
(Ch.1) |
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Definition
| A society's widely held ideas and values, including assumptions and cultural ideologies |
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| The tendency to exaggerate our ability to have foreseen the outcome of an event, only after the outcome is known |
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History (Impt. Names)
(Ch.1) |
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Definition
Festinger
-Known for cognitive dissonance
Shachter
-E= A x C
-The arousal you feel is the same when you made, sad, in love. You think/recognize about why are you aroused.
Deutch
-War and Conflict
-Negotiation and Bargain
Kelly
-Attribution
-When someone does a behavior, we try to explain why they did something
Thibout
-Social Exchange
-This questions motivates behavior: What's in it for me?
-Outcome = Benefit - Cost |
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Attitude Questionnaire
(Ch.1) |
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Definition
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Definition
Systematic series of steps that we use to obtain truth
- Create hypothesis
-Design a study
-Observation
-Data Analysis
- Draw Conclusion
- Communication/Peer Review |
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Definition
| A statement of relation ship between two or more variables |
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| The study of the naturally occurring relationships among variables |
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Indep vs Dependent Variables
(Ch.1) |
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Definition
Independent V.: The experimental factor hat a researcher
- Stands alone
Dependent V.: The variable being measured, so called because it may depend on manipulations of the independent variable
- Depend on the relation I.V (measured) |
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The process of assigning participants to the conditions of an experiment such that all person have the same chance of being in a given condition
- Equivalent |
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Definition
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Definition
| Survey procedure in which every person in the population being studied has an equal chance of inclusion |
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Definition
Accidental pairing of a third variable get tied up together confusing the result
- Difficult to tease out what variable did what |
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Definition
- Wrote book on Folkways (norm
- Human behavior is modified by law
-Law: A written code of behavior
-Norm: Unwritten codes of behavior
- Darwinist
-Norms that help society more smoothly last for generation (Garbarge/Tablesetting)
- Immigration
-Jews and Italians in New York
-Ghettos: Concentrated pocket of people. The same ethnicity living together.
-Ethnocentrism: The believe that one's folkways superior than other folkways (Start term of prejudice) |
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Definition
- Experimental Psychologist
- Wrote the first book in social psychology
- Experimental: Study on general psychological process
1 Premise) All social behavior is instinctual
-Pattern behavior that requires no learning (Cats and liter box)
-Hardwire in the brain
- Universality of emotion
-Recognizing emotion universally
2 Premise) All humans have pride. (High self-esteem)
- Karl Rogers
-Disagree with McDougall: Most people suffer from unrealistically low self-esteem
-U of M Dearborn study: Most people are unrealistically high self-esteem
-We exaggerate our self-esteem
- Self-Inflation: I'm better
- There are no measure (objective) |
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Definition
Questionnaire - Attitude
-General way to measure many different attitudes
- PhD explode in social psychology
- Collecting data on anything |
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Definition
-Wrote Looking Glass Self
- The way we come to know ourself is from how others view you
- Our self-identity come from outside of us
-Self-fullining Prophecy: The idea that we confirm other people's expectations
-Students taking the MEAP |
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Definition
Measure data
Questionaire - Prejudeice
-SDS (Social Distance Scale)
- First distance scale for prejudice |
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Definition
The study of how people select, interpret, and make use of information to make judgements and decisions about the social world
-Human beings are not good as understanding other people's behavior |
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Definition
Cognitive structure that people use to organize their knowledge about the social world by theme or by subject
- All stereotypes are schema, but all schemas are NOT stereotypes |
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Availability Heuristics
(Ch.3) |
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Definition
A cognitive rule that judges the likelihood of things in terms of their availability in memory.
-The more easily something comes to mind the higher probability come to be |
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Definition
| Ignore the statistical information |
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Definition
| Things that we learn first is learn best/memorable |
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Definition
Change your schema but the info stays the same
-Admit they were wrong
-True personal growth
-30% |
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Fundamental Attribution Error
(Ch.3) |
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Definition
-Tend to overemphasize internal traits to explain their attributions of other people
-We are not good at correct attributions dues to biases
-Ex. We may infer that people fall because their clumsy rather than because they were tripped |
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False Consensus Bias
(Ch.3) |
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Definition
-Idea that we perceive ourself as normal people and as such perceive our behavior through situation
-Expect people would make the same social situation if they we in our shoes
-If they act different, then its something wrong with their personality |
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Perseverance of Attribution
(Ch.3) |
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Definition
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Definition
-A thinking strategy that enables quick, efficient judgements
-Shortcut
-An aid to information processing |
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Definition
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Representativeness
(Ch.3) |
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Definition
-Stereotype (Hung up on deep description/physical character)
-When people have both base rate information and contradictory but representative information about an individual, they ignore the base rate and judge only how representative the individual is in a specific category |
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Illusory Correlation
(Ch.3) |
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Definition
-Appearance that two things are related
- Ex. Overweight woman vs Sadness / Tattoos vs Thugs
- Responsible for stereotypes
- McFarland (Woman Mood vs Period) |
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Definition
-Modify information to fit our schema (Alter the information to make it fit)
-Black business man
-70% |
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Definition
Person we looking at is...
High: External
Low: Internal
Distinctiveness: Does the person we evaluating respond this way to all events or is it distinctive
Consensus:What other people do
Consistency: The same behavior overtime
-Ex. Friend is laughing at the movies |
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Actor-observer Effect
(Ch.3) |
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Definition
Tend to see others in terms of personality traits because we don't know their situation. While we base our traits on a situation
- Ex. Dr. Hymes is outgoing but really is shy |
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Definition
-Build a rocket model ship
-Success
Male: He's good/High Ability
Woman: The task is too easily/High effort
- Failure
Male: Low effort
Female: Low ability/ Not capable |
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Attribution Theory
(Ch.3) |
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Definition
The theory of how people explain others' behaviors
Ex. by attributing it either to internal dispositions (traits, motives, and attitude) or to external situaitons |
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Self-fulfilling Prophecy
(Ch.3) |
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Definition
-The idea that we confirm other people's expectations
-A belief that leads to its own fulfillment |
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Definition
A tendency to search for information that confirms one's perceptions
We are eager to verify our beliefs but less inclined to seek evidence thay might disapprove |
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Definition
- People tend to be more confident than correct
- To overestimate the accuracy of one's beliefs |
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Illusion of Control
(Ch.3) |
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Definition
Perception of uncontrollable events as subject to one's control or as more controllable than they are
-Ex. Gambling (Being the person who throws the dice or spin the wheel increase people's confidence. People act as if they can predict or control chance events)
Ex. Regression toward the average: The statistical tendency for extreme scores or extreme behavior to return toward one's average |
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McFarland et al (1989,etc)
(Ch.3) |
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Definition
-Is there a relationship between a woman's mood and menstruel cycle
-Fill out the Daily Diary (Where at in their menstrual cycle pre-M/menstrual/non-menstrual)
-When they recalled, women percieve that theirs cycle correlates to their cycle because it is expected
- People recall what hey expect them to recall
- People don't think about their daily stress |
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Term
Vallone et al (1985)
(Ch.3) |
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Definition
Hostile Media Phenomenon
Gave questionair about attitude
- Pro Arab or Pro-Israel
-Show ten clips
-Found that people who are Pro-Arab demonstrated it was biased toward Pro- Israel
- Because it doesn't favor your side |
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Jones & HArris (1967)
(Ch.3) |
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Definition
Subjects read essays made by other subjects
-Pro Castro/ Anti-Castro
-Half chose the topic, the other was told to do it
-We judge other people situation on their personality (internal) but we judge our situation based on our situation (external)
-We don't know the person's situation so we have to go on their personality
-We don't give people the benefit of a doubt |
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Term
Snyder & Uranowitz (1978)
(Ch.3) |
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Definition
Subject had to wear a sandwich board sign
-They had to agree or disaggree
- If the subject disagree with the people who agree, then there was something wrong |
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Definition
PErcetption of oneself is favorable/postivie
1 Credit taking
-Exam: When I do good, the test was fair but when i do bad, the test was terrible/teacher didn't prepare us, etc
-When I do well it's because of me (internal) but when I do bad, it's because of someone else (external)
2 Group projects
-We did good because of me, we did bad because of the others
3 Inflated self
4 Unrealistic Optimism
- Divorce
4 |
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Definition
| A person's overall self-evaluation or sense of self-worth |
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Individualism/Collectivism
(Ch.2) |
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Definition
Individualism: The concept of giving priority to one's own goals over group goals and defining one's identity in terms of personal attributes rather than group identifications
-Focus on indivudal
-Shows the Fundamental Attribution
Error
-Ethnocentric
Collectivism: Giving priority to the goals of one's group (often one's extended family or work group) and defining one's identity accordingly
-Focus on the group
-Tend judge people's behavior based on their situations |
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-Protecting one's self-image with behaviors that create a handy excuse for later failure
-Intentional creation a situation of failure |
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Definition
| Images of what we dream of or dread becoming in the future |
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Definition
| The extent to which people perceive outcomes as internally controllable by their own efforts or as externally controlled by chance or outside forces |
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Definition
| The tendency to underestimate the commonality of one's abilities and one's desirable or successful behaviors |
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Just World Phenomenon
(Ch.2) |
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Definition
-A term referring to people's tendency to believe that the world is just and that people get what they deserve.
-Blame the victim
-A person have lung cancer from smoking then that's their fault
-Raping a female
-Good things happen to good people and bad things happen to bad people |
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Definition
| -The tendency for individuals to have better memory for information that relates to oneself in comparison to material that has less personal relevance. |
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Definition
| Evaluating one's abilities and opinions by comparing oneself with others |
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Unrealistic Optimism
(Ch.2) |
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Definition
| -A form of defensive attribution wherein people think that good things are more likely to happen to them than to their peers and that bad things are less likely to happen to them than to their peers |
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Definition
Depression realism
-People who perceive suffer from depression perceive reality as it is |
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Definition
| The act of expressing oneself and behaving in ways designed to create a favorable impression or an impression that corresponds to one's ideals |
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Definition
| A sense that one is competent and effective, distinguished from self-esteem, which is one's sense of self-worth |
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Learned Helplessness
(Ch.2) |
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Definition
| The sense of hopelessness and resignation learned when a human or animal perceives no control over repeated bad events |
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Berglas & Jones (1981)
(Ch.2) |
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Definition
-Strategy as making choices or acting in ways which make it possible to externalize failure and to internalize success. People want to be able to accept credit for any success, but have an excuse for any failure.
-We try to explain any possible future poor performance with a reason that may or may not be true
-Ex. When we say we're not feeling good prior to a presentations, so if the presentation doesn't go will, we'll have an explanation |
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