Term
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Definition
| intentional action aimed at doing harm or causing paint |
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Term
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Definition
| aggressive acts that can violate commonly accepted social norms (I.e. robbing a 7/11 – give me your slushie for free or I will shoot you) |
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Term
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Definition
| ; these are aggressive acts that support the social norms (I.e. police officer shooting someone holding victims hostage) |
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Term
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Definition
| 3 types (biological phenomenon, response to frustration, ) |
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Term
| Aggression as a biological phenomenon |
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Definition
| Instinct theory and evolutionary psychology |
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Term
| Instinct theory and evolutionary psychology |
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Definition
| Freud- aggression comes from a “death instinct”, is instinctual, needs to be discharged |
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Term
| Problem with Freud and biological phenomenon |
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Definition
| Doesn’t account for variations from person to person |
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Term
| Evolutionary theorists argue aggression is adaptive – helps with survival |
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Definition
| This is why there are more males on male aggression |
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Term
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Definition
| There is no one part of the brain that controls aggression |
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Term
| What facilitates aggression? |
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Definition
| Prefrontal cortex- responsible for thinking, judgment, decision making, and judgment = “emergency break” on deeper brain areas that are more active in aggression |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| releases aggression when people are provoked, decreases people's self-awareness |
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Term
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Definition
| more important in lower animals, Higher testosterone levels: More prone to delinquency, drug use, and aggressive responses crimes. (True for BOTH genders!) |
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Term
| Aggression as a response to frustration |
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Definition
| Dollard and Miller- Frustration causes aggression |
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Term
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Definition
| blocking of goal-directed behavior |
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Term
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Definition
| Instead of getting angry at the target, the aggression is displaced elsewhere (Ex. Yelling at the wife when getting back at home) |
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Term
| Factors Affecting Level of Frustration |
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Definition
| How close you are to the goal (Ex. Getting cut in line when you’re 2nd spots away from the front vs. 12th spot from the front and 2. Gap between your expectations and attainments; concept of relative deprivation |
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Term
| Gap between your expectations and attainments; concept of relative deprivation |
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Definition
| In nations where we have a huge gaps between the haves and have-nots, happiness is lower and crime rates are higher, b. Perception that you are less well-off with who you compare yourself to |
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Term
| Aggression as learned social behavior |
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Definition
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Term
| Observational learning: Bandura Study |
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Definition
| Bandura showed that people learn from an adult model |
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Term
| Bandura showed that people learn from an adult model |
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Definition
| Results: Children who saw aggressive adult model much aggressive to bobo doll |
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Term
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Definition
| Pain, Heat, Pornography and Sexual Violence, Media and TV |
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Term
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Definition
| Examples of a pain-attack reaction in animals (i.e. shock the cage à animal will attack whatever else is in the cage) |
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Term
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Definition
| The people who had hand in ice bucket were more likely to blast loud music |
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Term
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Definition
| Riots between 1967 and 1971 – riots occurred in 79 different cities, these were more likely to occur on hot days rather than cool days, 2. When the weather is hot in Houston, violent crimes are more likely, 3. In Phoenix, people w/o air conditioning are more likely to honk at a stalled car than with air conditioning, 4. MLB - # of batters hit by a pitch is 2/3 greater that are played 90 degrees or hotter compared to below 80 degrees |
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Term
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Definition
| research is all correlational |
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Term
| Pornography and sexual violence |
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Definition
| Distorts their perceptions of how women actually respond to sexual coercion and 2. Increases men’s aggression against women |
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Term
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Definition
| 15 – 25% are victims of a completed rape at some point |
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Term
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Definition
| Showed men a erotic, sexual violent, and a neutral film; 2. As part of another experiment they taught a confederate (half the time were male, half female) nonsense symbols and would administer a shock when the got it wrong; 3. Longer and more intense shock was given towards women confederates when shown a sexual violent film |
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Term
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Definition
| Shown a mutual consent film and a sexual violent film; 2. Asked to write a sexual fantasy; 3. The men who watched a violent film created more sexual violent fantasies |
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Term
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Definition
| Prevalence of aggression on TV – 8000 murders and |
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Term
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Definition
| the more violence that kids watch, the more violence they exhibit later as teenagers and young adults |
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Term
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Definition
| Violence is okay on media, 2. Imitation, 3. Priming, 4. Desensitization, Dangerous World |
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Term
| Violence is okay on media |
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Definition
| Homicide rate almost always increased after a boxing match |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| violence on TV builds feelings of irritation and annoyance |
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Term
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Definition
| reduces sense of horror about violence and sympathy towards victims |
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Term
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Definition
| “I better get this guy before he gets me” |
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Term
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Definition
| think that everyone is dangerous because of TV shows you are watching |
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Term
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Definition
| a. Three characteristic behaviors |
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Term
| Competitive achievement striving |
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Definition
| competitive in everything that they do, involved in multiple activities, like to participate in competitive athletics |
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Term
| Exaggerated sense of time urgency |
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Definition
| impatient, irritated whenever they have to wait for anything |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Positives to being Type A |
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Definition
| good grades, successful careers |
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Term
| Evidence of increased aggression compared to Type B, supported by research |
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Definition
| More likely to engage in hostile aggression (when goals is to inflict harm on victim) |
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Term
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Definition
| Irritated, destructive competitiveness |
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Term
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Definition
| Men are more likely to aggress against others when they have not been provoked, ii. If there is an intense provocation there is not a gender difference |
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Term
| Indirect vs. direct aggression |
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Definition
| men are more likely to engage in direct, women in indirect (gossip, lies, etc.) |
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Term
| Is aggression always maladaptive? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| social dominant individuals get preferred access to resources in a social group |
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Term
| How to becomes socially dominant |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| form alliances with others, helpful behavior, engage in reciprocity |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| people who use coercive strategies are not as affective as those who use prosocial |
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Term
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Definition
| kids who are success at using both prosocial and coercive strategies |
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Term
| The Effect of War on General Aggression |
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Definition
| War has major impact on aggressive feelings of its citizens |
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Term
| Consequences of a nation at war |
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Definition
| Weakens a populations inhibitions against aggression, ii. Leads to imitation, iv. Numbs our senses to the horror, makes us less sympathetic to the victims, v. Legitimizes violence as a way to address difficult problems |
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Term
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Definition
| Punishment, b. Catharsis, c. Cognitive interventions |
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Term
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Definition
| If you punish a behavior your are supposed to reduce the frequency, ii. Often involves modeling of aggression, which could lead to imitation |
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Term
| Research on aggressive children |
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Definition
| Being physically punished for aggression makes kids more aggressive |
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Term
| Punishment can be effective if it is given following certain conditions |
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Definition
| prompt, certain, strong, perceived as justified or deserved |
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Term
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Definition
| Refers to doing something aggressive to reduce feelings of aggression (i.e. vent) |
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Term
| Three ways aggressive energy could be discharged |
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Definition
| By expending it in the form of physical activity, 2. By watching other people engage in aggressive play and thus vicariously releasing aggressive energy, 3. By engaging in direct aggression |
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Term
| By expending it in the form of physical activity |
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Definition
| this increases aggression |
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Term
| By watching other people engage in aggressive play and thus vicariously releasing aggressive energy |
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Definition
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Term
| By engaging in direct aggression |
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Definition
| this increases future aggression |
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Term
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Definition
| Benefits of apologizing = diffuses aggression |
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Term
| “When emotions run high, reason flies right out the window” |
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Definition
| When we are angry, our ability to think clearly is reduced, 2. The restraints that normally keep aggression in check aren’t there, 3. You process information in a very quick and inaccurate way |
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Term
| Ways to avoid or reduce cognitive deficits |
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Definition
| Preattribution & 2. Distraction |
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Term
|
Definition
| attribute annoying actions by others to unintentional pauses before the provocation actually occurs |
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Term
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Definition
| need to prevent yourself or other people on dwelling on a real or imagined wrong |
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Term
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Definition
| Exposure to non-aggressive models, ii. Training in social skills |
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Term
| Exposure to non-aggressive models |
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Definition
| if you are exposed to a non-aggressive model maybe you will model it, research does support this |
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Term
| Training in social skills |
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Definition
| people who are lacking in social skills are more likely to respond in an aggressive manner, teaching them social skills, role playing helps in these responses |
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Term
| Incompatible response technique |
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Definition
| if individuals are exposed to stimuli that causes emotional reaction that is incompatible with anger then you are less likely to lash out (i.e. humor, feelings of empathy, mild sexual arousal |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| Status, Roles, Norms, Cohesiveness |
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Term
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Definition
| refers to the individuals position or rank within the group, i. Can be implicit or explicit, high status leads to respect, money, etc. |
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Term
| How do we achieve high status? |
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Definition
| Physical attributes: attractiveness, height (more important for men), 2. Behavior: those who are prototypical member of a group typically have a higher status |
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Term
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Definition
| refers to the set of behaviors that you are expected perform in the group. These can be assigned by the leader or be developed overtime |
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Term
|
Definition
| refers to rules or expectation within a group, concerning how the members should behave |
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Term
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Definition
| to maintain harmony between members at the expense of the individual (Asian cultures) |
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Term
|
Definition
| to be unique and stand out (U.S. culture) |
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Term
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Definition
| all the factors that cause group members to remain in the group |
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Term
| Social Facilitation vs. Social Inhibition |
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Definition
| Facilitation and Inhibition |
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Term
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Definition
| ; the mere presence of others cause you to perform a task better, i. I.e. running better when there is a stand full of people |
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Term
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Definition
| cockroaches, when there are more cockroaches it will find the food faster |
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Term
| Difficulty of task is important variable |
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Definition
| Presence of others causes you to perform better on simple tasks, 2. If the task is difficult, then you have inhibition |
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Term
|
Definition
| the mere presence of others impairs your performance |
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Term
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Definition
| when the maze was difficult the cockroach didn’t get to the end as fast |
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Term
| Two Explanations for Social Facilitation |
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Definition
| Drive theory (Zajonc) & b. Distraction conflict theory |
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Term
|
Definition
| Presence of others increases physiological arousal which makes it easier to perform easy tasks and impair difficult tasks |
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Term
| Why doesn’t the presence of others cause arousal? |
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Definition
| Makes us more alert, 2. Evaluation apprehension (worried about how others are judging you while engaging in a task) |
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Term
| Distraction conflict theory |
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Definition
| Idea that any source of distraction (presence of others, noise) is going to put us in a state of conflict, 1. Conflict occurs between paying attention to the task vs. paying attention to others |
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Term
|
Definition
| Refers to reductions in motivation and effort when individuals work in a group compared to when they work individually, .e. as the crowd size increases, individual clapping/cheering decreases |
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Term
|
Definition
| Relaxation leads to impaired performance on simple tasks and better performance on complex tasks |
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Term
| Prevention of social loafing |
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Definition
| 1. make individual output identifiable, 2. increase commitment, 3. increase value of the task, 4. make each contribution important, 5. create high expectations |
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Term
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Definition
| Refers to a feeling of anonymity and a reduced sense of ourselves as individuals |
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Term
| May lead to an increase in impulsive and deviant acts because |
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Definition
| The presence of others makes people feel less accountable for their actions (wearing masks, being a large group), ii. The presence of others lowers self-awareness, shifting people’s attention away from their moral standards |
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Term
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Definition
| Analyzed 60 different lynching news articles, ii. Found: the more people there were in the mob, the greater the savagery and more aggressive brutality |
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Term
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Definition
| de-individuation increases the likelihood that crowd members will follow the norms of the group (cheering for all the kids at a little league game) |
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Term
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Definition
| conflict in which one side’s gain is always the other side’s loss, pretty rare in everyday life |
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Term
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Definition
| conflict in which both sides can gain by cooperating, but where an individual can gain even more by competing against his or her partner |
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Term
| Mixed-motive conflict studied |
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Definition
| Often studied using social dilemmas (increase individual gain by competing, if everyone acts that way you could lose big, i.e. prisoners dilemma, trucking game) |
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Term
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Definition
| Subjects where told that each are running their own trucking company, need to get a truck from A to B a.s.a.p., not in competition with eachother |
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Term
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Definition
| : to earn as many points as possible however, nothing was said about earning more points than the other company |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Effect of communication in trucking game, follow up studies |
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Definition
| Subjects told to use the intercom if they wanted to, results: only communicated 25% of the time; 2. Subjects required to communicate on every trial, results: cooperation didn’t increase, used the intercom to threaten each other; 3. Subjects were told how to communicate (given empathy training), results: communication increased cooperation |
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Term
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Definition
| Social factors play a strong role, Faulty attribution, Faulty communication, iv. Flawed view of objectivity, v. Poor performance on a task |
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Term
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Definition
| Mistakes that we make when we are trying to figure out the cause of someone else’s behavior |
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Term
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Definition
| Being too direct, sarcasm |
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Term
| Flawed view of objectivity |
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Definition
| We tend to view ourselves as very objective, everyone else is bias; 2. Leads to exaggerating the differences between ourselves and others |
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Term
| Poor performance on a task |
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Definition
| Poor performance happens, you need someone to take responsibility for it; 2. If no one takes responsibility, can cause conflict |
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Term
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Definition
| Bargaining or negotiation, ii. Superordinate goals |
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Term
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Definition
| Bargaining; process where opposing groups are exchanging offers and counter offers until conflict is resolved |
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Term
| Bargaining or negotiation |
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Definition
| If you view negotiation as a win-lose situation it will not be as successful as a win-win orientation (seller get highest price, and buyer wants lowest price, want to find a way were both parties are happy) |
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Term
|
Definition
| Want to look at the overall goal (not working moms and stay at home moms, all are mom) |
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Term
| Group vs. Individual Decision Making, three types of tasks |
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Definition
| Additive, conjunctive, disjunctive |
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Term
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Definition
| all group members perform the same job; the performance depends on the sum of each individual’s effort. Groups should outperform individuals. Need to watch out for social loafing. |
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Term
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Definition
| group performance is defined by the skills of the least capable member of the group (the weakest link). Groups do worst than individuals because the weakest member brings the performance of the group to his or her level. |
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Term
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Definition
| group performance is defined by how well the best member does (Glee example). Groups outperform individuals |
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Term
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Definition
| Refers to any aspect of group interaction that inhibits good problem solving |
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Term
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Definition
| you are a member of a group, you try to convince the group to follow your idea, but you’re faced with strong opposition and disbelief. The group makes a different decision and it ends in disaster. |
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Term
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Definition
| The most competent members has low status in the group, 2. The most competent is concerned with evaluation from others, 3. Difficult group dynamics, 4. Most likely to occur when the answer is not clear-cut or obvious |
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Term
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Definition
| Refers to the tendency for groups to make decisions that are more extreme than the initial inclinations of its members |
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Term
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Definition
| Early research described the risky shift: groups make riskier decisions than individuals |
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Term
| group polarization and newer research |
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Definition
| found that groups do not make riskier research, they make decisions that are more extreme in the same direction as the individuals initial predispositions |
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Term
| reasons for group polarization |
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Definition
| persuasive arguments, social comparison, social identity |
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Term
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Definition
| all individuals bring to a group a set of arguments that support their decisions, some of these are going to be new to other group members, gaining new information is a strong factor |
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Term
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Definition
| in order to be liked, people take positions that are similar to everyone else’s they are just a little bit more extreme so that people may accept you more |
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Term
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Definition
| you may start to identify with a group, which may lead to you perceive the group in an exaggerated, stereotypical way |
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Term
| Groupthink (Irving Janis) |
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Definition
| Refers to poor group decision making based on inadequate consideration of alternatives |
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Term
| Preconditions of group think. Group is… |
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Definition
| Highly cohesive, Isolated from contrary opinions, Has strong directive leader who makes his or her wishes known, Does not have systematic procedures to evaluate alternatives, Feels high stress |
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Term
|
Definition
| Group starts to feel invulnerable, Assume its position is moral, Rejects challenges, rationalize its position, Group stereotypes its opponents, Group members don’t express doubts, Group members feel pressure to conform, Group has illusion of unanimity |
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Term
| Negative consequences of group think |
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Definition
| Group does not consider full range of alternatives, Group does not examine risks, Group evaluates information in a biased way, Group does not develop contingency plans |
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Term
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Definition
| Leader should encourage everyone to voice objections, Leader should initially remain impartial, Group should divide into subcommittees, Outside experts should be invited to participate, One person should be assigned to play the role of devil’s advocate |
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Term
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Definition
| Theory has received some limited empirical support, Processes that cause groupthink are more complex than first thought, Cohesiveness not always a problem, Variability within group decision making, Sometimes careful decision making still leads to disaster |
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Term
|
Definition
| Refers to a technique designed to improve group decisions by encouraging the free exchange of ideas and the elimination of criticism |
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Term
|
Definition
| More ideas generated the better, The wilder and more creative the better, Express ideas without concern for ideas quality, Don’t eliminate ideas until all ideas are out |
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Term
|
Definition
| Individuals the receive the same instructions as brainstorming group outperform the brainstorming group because of process loss |
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| voluntary, coerced compliant, coerced internalized |
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Term
| Voluntary false confession |
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Definition
| when you confess out of your own free will, maybe you engage in a voluntary false confession to protect someone else |
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Term
| Coerced compliant false confession |
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Definition
| when you privately maintain your innocence but you confess because of pressure (torture) |
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Term
| Coerced internalized false confession |
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Definition
| when people come to belief that they committed a crime that they did not commit due to pressure (interrogation, torture) |
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Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How accurate is eyewitness testimony? |
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Definition
| Often influenced by bias and schemas |
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Term
|
Definition
| Reconstruction of passed events are heavily influenced by how you are asked about events |
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|
Term
| Eyewitness facts and myths |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| An eyewitness's testimony about an event can be affected by how the questions put to that witness are worded |
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Definition
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|
Term
| The presence of a weapon impairs an eyewitness's ability to accurately identify the perpetrator's face. (Weapon focus effect) |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Very high levels of stress impair the accuracy of eyewitness testimony. Impairs remembering details |
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Definition
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|
Term
| The more the members of a lineup resemble the suspect, the higher is the likelihood that identification of the suspect is accurate. |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| Police instructions can affect an eyewitness's willingness to make identification and/or the likelihood that he or she will identify a particular person |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| The rate of memory loss for an event is greatest right after the event, and then levels off over time |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| An eyewitness's confidence is not a good predictor of his or her identification accuracy. |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| White eyewitnesses are better at identifying other White people than they are at identifying Black people. (Cross racial identification are more likely to be inaccurate) |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Women are better than men at recognizing faces. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Make decision using the "story model" |
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Term
|
Definition
| Jurors should generate two alternative stories (one that fits the prosecutions case and one that fits the defense case) |
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Term
| Do jurors use the story model? |
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Definition
| 1/3 of those chosen as jurors had made up their mind about the trial before the opening arguments were made, 75-85% of jurors favor one side over the other as the trial progresses |
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Term
|
Definition
| Jury verdicts tend to be heavily influenced by the initial verdict preferences of individual jurors |
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Term
|
Definition
| lower standards are used for deciding to acquit and higher standards for convicting |
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|
Term
| Two approaches for determining verdicts |
|
Definition
| evidence-driven and verdict-drive |
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Term
|
Definition
| present evidence before determining or voting (evidence à verdict) |
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Term
|
Definition
| take an assessment of everyone’s initial ideas and then convince the minority that the majority is right (verdict à convict or acquit) |
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Term
|
Definition
| Are there differences between 6 and 12 person juries? |
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|
Term
| Social psych research on smaller juries |
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Definition
| spend less time deliberating, recall less evidence, less likely to represent minority groups |
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Term
| Why are smaller juries less likely to be hung? |
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Definition
| If one person is not agreeing, there will be a lot of pressure exerted on that one person, in a larger jury there is more chance that two people will not agree with majority and they will have an ally |
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Term
|
Definition
| Where they get info from (police, DA), knowledge of inadmissable evidence, more publicity=more likely to believe defendant is guilty |
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|
Term
| Most harmful information is information presented in an emotionally charged way |
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Definition
| 3 pretrial publicity conditions |
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|
Term
| 3 pretrial publicity conditions |
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Definition
| emotional report, factual report, no publicity before trial |
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Term
| Ways to decrease biasing effects of pretrial publicity |
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Definition
| postpone trial, expanding voir dire questioning, importing jurors or changing venue, instructing jurors to ignore prior evidence (changing venue is best) |
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|
Term
| Social Psychology and Health |
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Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being, view as a continuum |
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|
Term
| Four main areas of the psychological study of health |
|
Definition
| Promoting and maintaining health, Preventing and treating illness, Identifying the causes and correlates of health and illness and other dysfunctions, Improving the health care system and the formation of health policy |
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Term
|
Definition
| Why do people engage in healthy or unhealthy behavior? |
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Term
|
Definition
| General health values: overall concern about health, Perception that the treat to your health is severe, Belief in personal vulnerability, Belief in self-efficacy (sense of confidence that you can reduce threat by doing some sort of behavior), Belief in response efficacy |
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Term
|
Definition
| Prevalence: 65% of American’s are overweight or obese (25%) |
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|
Term
| Factors that lead to obesity |
|
Definition
| Genetics, Cafeteria diet effect (eat more when presented with a variety of foods), Social situations (eat more when with others), Lack of exercise (40% of American adults never exercise or sports), Availability of fast food, Families not eating together |
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Term
|
Definition
| refers to our response to events that disrupt, or threaten to disrupt, our physical or psychological functioning |
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Term
|
Definition
| major stressful events & daily hassels |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| Stress = adjusting to external event, the more change that is required the more stress that occurs |
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Term
|
Definition
| more minor but annoying problems |
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Term
|
Definition
| Defined as an interpersonal exchange in which one person gives help to another |
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Term
|
Definition
| emotional concern, intrumental aid, providing information & self-appraisal |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| Those with good social support are more likely to avoid illness and get better faster |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| direct effects hypothesis, buffering hypothesis, fever model |
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|
Term
| Direct effects hypothesis |
|
Definition
| : having good family/friends is beneficial |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| suggests that social support serves as a buffer during high stress, but it also suggests that having social support is not that important during low stress times |
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Term
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Definition
| wanting to talking about stressors is like having a fever, its an indicator of stress |
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Term
| Importance of self-concealment |
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Definition
| people who are reluctant to share about themselves are less likely to have good self-support networks and therefore don’t benefit from good social support; b. Letting people know about your stressors/anxiety is very beneficial to health |
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Term
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Definition
| those who score high report higher levels of anxiety and depression |
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Term
| Social Psychology and Work |
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Definition
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Term
| Causes of job satisfaction |
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Definition
| Most people report satisfaction with their jobs, when unemployment rates go up so does satisfaction |
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Term
| Organizational factors examples |
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Definition
| refers to working conditions in company |
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Term
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Definition
| People are more satisfied when rewards are distributed fairly, Good relationship with your boss, If job is not boring, If you are involved in important decisions, Optimal amount responsibility |
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Term
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Definition
| refers to the traits of the employees |
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Term
| Personal factors examples |
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Definition
| Matching a job to specific personality, Type A are more satisfied than Type B, Genetic factors may play a small role (includes personality traits) |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| refers to an idea that certain key personality traits make a person a good leader |
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Term
| Early great-person theory research |
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Definition
| didn’t find a good connection here: found that people were slightly more extroverted, confident, socially skilled, intelligent etc. |
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Term
| Newer great-person theory research |
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Definition
| Excel in specific abilities, good interpersonal skills (emotionally stable, empathic, etc), motivated |
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Term
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Definition
| transactional and trasformational |
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Term
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Definition
| tends to set clear, short-term goals. When employees reach goals, they reward them. They operate within the system (not trying to change it). |
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Term
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Definition
| focus on common long-term goals. More likely to think outside the box than think “within the system”. |
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Term
| Transformational leader qualities |
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Definition
| idealized influence or charisma, intellectual stimulation, inspirational motivation, individualized consideration |
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