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1. we construct our own social reality
2. you are always affected by other people |
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seeing events in history as being more predictable than they actually were
ex. 9/11 or economic issues |
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| observational research design |
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Definition
watching behavior(what happens/how often)
-observing patients |
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| correlation research design |
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Definition
-studies a relationship between two phenomenon (by observing x we can predict y)
-can have a +,-, or no relationship
-surveys often used to gather data |
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| a stat that asses how well one variable can be predicted using another |
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| experimental research design |
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-focus on causality
-does x cause y, or does y cause x? |
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-freedom from error
-do we get the same results every time? |
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| how accurate are the assumptions we make? |
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-we see ourselves as the center of attention
-over exaggerate the amount of attention people pay to us |
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| we think our thoughts and emotions are more obvious than they are |
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-identify as self contained
-'you' are more important that the groups you belong to |
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| identify with group memberships |
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overestimate the emotional impact of events (intensity and duration)
-bad breakup |
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| our overall evaluation of ourselves |
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| how competent we feel about a SPECIFIC task |
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Definition
-do we have control over our lives, or do outside forces?
-internal vs external forces
-to what extent will your actions effect your environment? |
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-our perceptions are altered by our memories
-film makers change our emotion by changing the setting |
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| framework of our associations |
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| tendency to misinformation into one's memory after witnessing an event and receiving misleading information about it |
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-a mental linkage tying an entity to a property
-the attribute is the property
-the probability is the strength of the belief
-ex.God (god=entity, existence=property) |
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| the tendency to continue to believe something even after it has been disproved |
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we look for evidence that supports our beliefs rather than against them
-can be overcome by: prompting feedback, breaking down tasks, thinking about why a belief could be true/wrong |
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-mental shortcuts
-efficient judgement
-SAVES TIME |
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Term
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Definition
associating the likeliness of an event in terms of it's availability in memory
-vividness, things easily remembered are thought of to occur more frequently (shark attacks)
-slow to deduce instances from general truth (actually looking at the numbers) |
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Term
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Definition
assuming someone who resembles a group, is a member of that group
-prejudice
-stereotyping |
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Term
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Definition
-3 doors to choose from
-one removed, chance to switch
-66% chance to win if you switch, 33% if you dont
-ignoring the odds |
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Term
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Definition
imagine scenarios the COULD have happened
-student happier with B- than a B+
-perception of good/bad luck |
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Definition
perceiving a correlation when none exists
-nice person from denver |
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Definition
false sense of control over an event
-athletes' "lucky" clothing |
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Definition
| moving toward one's own mean score |
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| explaining a person's behavior based on something |
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| explaining a person's behavior based on the wrong thing |
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| dispositional attributions |
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Definition
| attributing behavior to an internal factor |
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Definition
| attributing behavior to an external factor |
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Term
| Fundamental Attribution Error(FAE) |
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Definition
-tendency to underestimate the situational influence on our behavior
-we think people ARE the way they ACT |
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Term
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Definition
| we observe others from a different POV than we observe ourselves |
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Term
| self-fulfilling prophecies |
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Definition
a belief that leads to its own fulfillment
-teachers being told that certain students were about to "bloom" |
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| a favorable or unfavorable evolution of someone or something |
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| behavior that results from attitudes |
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| 3 ways people can respond when asked about attitudes |
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Definition
1. accurately
2. inaccurately (without intent)
3. inaccurately (with intent) |
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| two thoughts or ideas that contradict one another |
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-change behavior
-justify behavior by changing one of the cognitions
-justify the behavior by adding a new cognition |
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| when we're unsure of our attitudes, we look at our behavior |
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| feeling that more people agree with you than they actually do |
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| false sense that there is no one else like you |
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| everyone in a group might be upset about something, but nothing is done because they all think they're the only one upset |
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Definition
we tend to perceive ourselves favorably
-attributing positive things to ourselves, and negative things to outside causes |
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| self-serving bias as adaptive |
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Definition
-keeps us from giving up
-helps to avoid depression |
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| self-serving bias as maladaptive |
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Definition
-causes friction with others
-keeps us from improving |
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Definition
we think we are better than average people
-can be done with negative attributes as well |
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Definition
| despite logical knowledge, we find it hard to believe bad things can happen to us |
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| plan for the worst, hope for the best |
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| the tendency to overestimate the commonality of one's opinions, undesirable/unsuccessful behaviors |
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Term
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Definition
expressing one's self in ways designed to create a favorable impression
-draw attention to our positive attributes
-false modesty |
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Term
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Definition
using flattery or praise to make yourself likable to another person
-often a person of higher status |
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| preserving your self image by creating excuses for later failure |
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| creating obstacles that will lead to failure |
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qualifying statements
-can become a self-fulfilling prophecy |
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