Term
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Definition
1. Affect
2. Behavior
3. Cognitive |
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Term
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Definition
| A negative attitude or affective response toward a CERTAIN group and its individual members |
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Definition
| Differential Treatment due to group membership |
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Definition
| A generalization about a group (not necessarily negative) that is seen as descriptive of all members of that group |
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Term
| Blatant Racism (Old fashioned) |
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Definition
beliefs about minorities that are clearly bigoted and readily admitted
-Open expression of bigoted views
-very rare in US today |
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Term
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Definition
| Beliefs about minorities that come across as positive, but racism is reveal in subtle indirect ways |
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Term
| Gaertner and Dovido racism study |
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Definition
| Asked Caucasian people who interacted with either one confederate, or many confederates, to help someone. Then someone was "in trouble" either black or white.If they were with one confederate, they helped regardless of race. If they were with many, they helped the white person much more often than the black one |
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Term
| Gaertner and Dovido racism study results |
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Definition
| Because people helped in the one confederate scenario, but not the in the multiple one towards the black people, it shows "hidden racism." Person could argue they weren't the only one who didn't help. |
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Definition
A measure of someone's automatic negative or positive evaluation of a social group or category
-How easy is it to associate a negative/positive word with something |
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Definition
A procedure used to increase the accessibility of a concept or schema
-trying to reveal how someone really feels about something
EX: making them say it quickly |
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| Realistic Group Conflict Theory |
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Definition
| Group conflict, prejudice, and discrimination are likely to arise during competition for scarce resources |
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Term
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Definition
| Glorifying one's own group while vilifying other groups |
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Term
| The Robbers Cave Experiment |
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Definition
| Two groups of boys were invited to participate in a summer camp. During the first week, they were split up into two groups, the "eagles" and the "rattlers". During the second week, they held a competitive tournament between the two groups, and there is hostility between the groups. On the third week, the experimenters reduced the conflict by giving the groups mutual goals. |
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Term
| Results of Robbers Cave Experiment |
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Definition
| During the second week, when the groups were pinned against eachother, there was great hostility between the groups, including calling each other names and burning each others flags. However, when the groups felt mutually interdependent in the 3rd week, the hostility subsided. This is because prejudice can be reduced when groups see themselves as needing to work together |
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Term
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Definition
| goals that transcend the interests of any one group, and can be achieved more readily by two or more groups working together |
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| Motivational Perspective of Prejudice |
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Definition
People are motivated to view their in group more favorably than the out group because it increases personal self esteem
-People adopt an "us/them" mentality |
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| Economic Perspective of Prejudice |
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Definition
| Prejudice occurs when people fight over scarce resources, following the realistic group conflict theory. |
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Definition
| An experimental paradigm in which researchers create groups based on arbitrary and seemingly meaningless criteria, and then examine how these groups are inclined to behave towards one another. |
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| Results of Minimal Group Paradigm |
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Definition
Each group, no matter why they are in that group, views their ingroup more positively.
-This is because groups are concerned with getting relative advantage over others, to make themselves feel good for being in the "winning group"
EX: people would rather have $7 knowing the other group gets 3$, instead of both having $10 |
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Term
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Definition
| People derive part of their self-concept from membership/status within their groups |
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Definition
| Because self esteem is part of group memberships, we are motivated to boost the status of the group, making our own status better |
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Term
| Basking in Reflected Glory |
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Definition
Tendency to take pride in the accomplishment of those we feel associated with in some way
-Explains how fans identify with teams, especially "bandwagoners" |
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Term
| Self esteem and social identity theory |
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Definition
-One can boost the status of an ingroup to improve self esteem (using ingroup bias)
-One can also derogate outgroups to boost self esteem, make one feel better about their own |
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Term
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Definition
| People took an intelligence test, and were either told they did very poorly or very well. In additon, the people who took the test were either told they were Jewish or non Jewish. |
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Term
| Results of Jewish Self Esteem Theory |
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Definition
People posted much higher rates of self esteem when they got to give negative ratings to the Jewish person, compared to giving negative ratings to someone who wasn't Jewish.
-In other words, telling the Jew he did poorly made people feel much better about themselves
-Telling the Jew he did poorly made his self esteem significantly decrease |
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Term
| Frustration Aggression Theory |
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Definition
| Theory that states that all aggressive acts are results of frustration |
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Term
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Definition
| -Frustration about an unrelated source can be displaced and lead to aggression onto low -power individuals or social groups |
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| Outgroup Homogeneity Effect |
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Definition
Members of an outgroup are viewed as similar to each other
Frat guy saying "All GDIs are the same" |
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| Cognitive Perspective of Prejudice |
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Definition
| States that stereotyping is inevitable, as our minds think in terms of categorizing people. |
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Term
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Definition
When we pair two things together and relate them to eachother, they stand out more because in our brain the pairing of the event stands out more than the events themselves
-This allows us to believe negative stereotypes of others so easily |
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Term
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Definition
Explaining how people don't fit into a stereotype by creating a subcategory of the stereotype
-This preserves the original stereotype so attitudes don't need to change |
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Term
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Definition
| -Involuntary, unconscious responses based off of intial emotional responses |
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Term
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Definition
Conscious, systematic, and deliberate response to events
-They can often override our automatic responses to things |
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Term
| Stereotypes and Categorization Study |
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Definition
| People were shown either a black face or a white face (priming), and then asked as quickly as possible to identify something as a tool or a gun when being shown a picture. |
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Term
| Results of Stereotypes and Categorization Study |
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Definition
Participants identified guns more quickly and mistook tools for guns more often when they were primed with a black face.
-This revealed that implicit stereotypes influence identification and categorization of things |
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Term
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Definition
Participants were asked to only shoot the armed targets
RESULTS: People made more mistakes, shooting unarmed targets, when the target was black. People also did not shoot when they were supposed to much more often when the participant was white. This means implicit stereotypes that the black people were the "bad guys" |
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Term
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Definition
| members of s group may be uncertain if the treatment they get, positive or negative, comes from themselves as individuals or as a result of their group membership |
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Term
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Definition
When there are prevalent stereotypes about a group, people within that group are fearful of fulfilling that stereotype.
-EX: black people doing worse on a test because they fill out their race beforehand. They feel like they have to fill/ not fill a stereotype, and it inhibits their performance |
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Term
| Spencer's Stereotype Threat Study |
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Definition
| People were asked to take a test. Some people were asked to just complete the test, while some were told beforehand that the test strongly favors men. |
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Term
| Results of Spencer's Stereotype Threat Study |
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Definition
When the participants were told the test favored men, women's performances severely dipped.
-This is because women were aroused by the stereotype threat that they couldn't do it, tried to prove it wrong, and it ended up making them do worse! |
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Term
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Definition
Stereotypes may give us expectations about certain groups that lead us to treat those groups in ways that encourage them to confirm original expectation.
-We have stereotyped expectations of people, and in order to prove ourselves right we act in order to bring out these stereotypes |
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Term
| Conditions for reducing prejudice |
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Definition
-Groups need to feel equal in status
-groups need to have shared, superordinate goals
-surrounding social norms need to encourage intergroup interaction |
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Definition
| Any behavior aimed at causing either physical or psychological pain |
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Definition
| Aggression in which causing pain or harm is the only goal |
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Definition
Aggression in which the pain or harm caused to someone in in the means of another goal
-stopping a crime, winning a sport, etc |
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Term
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Definition
Higher Temperatures are a related source of aggression
-Hotter it is more aggressive you are
-Murder and rapes occur more often in summer |
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Definition
We learn social behavior in large part by observing others and imitating them
EX: Children learn fame and fortune go with aggression when watching sports |
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Definition
-Acts of violence imitated from media portrayals
-Increases when viewed aggressive act is seen as justified |
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Term
| Effect of childhood media consumption study |
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Definition
| People were asked at the age of 8 how much they liked TV. Then at age 30, they were studied to see how much criminal activity among the participants occurred. When someone rated the amount of TV they watched at 8, the amount of criminal behavior goes way UP at the age of 30 |
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Term
| social rejection and aggression |
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Definition
-social rejection stimulates feelings of pain
-people who report chronic sense of rejection are then likely to become more violent |
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Term
| Income Inequality and Aggression |
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Definition
The more income inequality among a nation the more aggression there is
EX: the more income inequality, the homicides per million people there were in all countries |
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Definition
| The internal state that accompanies the thwarting of an attempt to achieve some goal |
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| Levels of Aggression from frustration |
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Definition
They are related to:
-how desirable the goal was
-past history of having the goal thwarted
-how much the goal was thwarted
-how close you were to achieving the goal
*all lead to frustration, which leads to aggression |
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Term
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Definition
Passive and depressed responses that individuals show when their goals are blocked and they feel they have no control of their outcomes
-the less control someone feels the more helpless they learn to become |
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| Neo-Associationistic Account of Aggression |
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Definition
A theory that aversive stimuli (like pain, heat, frustration) make us feel angry, which leads to feelings of anger and then we want to act aggressively
-Based off what will make each person angry
EX: some view sunshine as way to relax, others hate the hot weather |
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Term
| Amount of guns to citizens in the US |
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Definition
| In the US there are nearly 89 guns for every 100 citizens in 2007 |
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| Violence in Step Families |
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Definition
| people must spend resources caring for children not genetically related to oneself when these could be spent on their own instead. This leads to aggression, according to evolutionary psychologists |
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Term
| Gender differences and infidelity |
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Definition
| Infidelity effects men and women differently, because men unlike women, may not be certain if a child is their own, leading to differences |
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Term
| Gender Differences and Crime Rates |
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Definition
-Males are much more prone to violent crime rates
-Males also more likely to be the victims of violence as well
***Men are more Physically Aggresive, women are more Relational Aggressive |
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Term
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Definition
Physically harming someone, typically violently
-Men are much more physically aggressive than women |
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Term
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Definition
Being aggressive in ways that are more covert and socially directed
EX: spreading rumors, vicious insults, talking behind each other's backs, etc
-Women are much more relational aggressive than men |
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Term
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Definition
| A culture that is defined by its members' strong concerns about their own and others' reputations, leading to sensitivity to slight insults and even willingness to use violence to avenge perceived insult |
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Term
| Culture of Honor and Location |
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Definition
It is much more prevalent in the south!
-Homicide rates of argument related murders are much higher in the south than they are in the north part of the US. This may be caused by southerns feeling more of a need to defend their honor |
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Term
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Definition
Rape Prone Cultures typically
-Limit women's rights/ social status
-have high levels of violence and history of warfare
-sexual repression is UNRELATED to whether or not a culture is prone to rape |
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Definition
| Desire to help another person with NO benefit to oneself, even at cost to oneself |
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Definition
-Two selfish motives (social rewards and person distress)
-One unselfish motive (empathic concern) |
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Definition
| Benefits like praise, positive attention, tangible rewards, honors, and gratitude that may be gained from helping others |
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Definition
| A motive for helping those in distress that may arise from a need to reduce your own distress |
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Definition
| Identifying with another person (understanding what a person is going through) accompanied by the intention to help that person in need |
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Term
| Batson Distress vs Empathic concern study |
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Definition
Two people were in a room and supposed to communicate with one another. One person was receiving shocks. When the person receiving the shocks reported to have distress, they studied whether or not the other person would take the shocks for the person.
-If someone was willing to take just a couple of shocks and then leave, they were doing it for personal distress relief, because they only took a few shocks
-If someone was willing to stay and take a lot if not all of the shocks for someone, they were doing it out of empathic concern, as they could leave the experiment at any time |
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Term
| Batson Anonymous Altruism Study |
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Definition
| Participants were either given a low empathy condition or a high empathy condition, and then studied how many hours were spent with the "connect person" (Janet) afterward. In Both cases, in the high empathy situation, the participant spent much more time with Janet, proving the power of empathy |
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Term
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Definition
Non monetary assistance an individual regularly provides to another person or group
-Helping without expecting compensation |
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Term
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Definition
| People are less likely to die if they give help and receive help |
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Definition
| She was a young women who was stalked and killed in Queens in front of her apartment as her neighbors watched from their windows and failed to intervene (bystander effect) |
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Term
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Definition
| People at Princeton were told they either had to do something in a couple of hours, in 15 minutes, or right this second. Then someone suddenly "needed help" and they studied who helped when. The results were that when students were in a hurry, they seriously neglected to help the person in need. Where as when not in a hurry, people didn't fail to help at all. |
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Term
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Definition
The likelihood that others will intervene to help in a situation of need
(Less people, more likely to help) |
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Term
| Diffusion of Responsibility |
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Definition
| Each Bystander is likely to assume that someone else will just help, and feel less responsibility to intervene the more people that are around |
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Term
| High Victim Characteristics |
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Definition
Some people are likely to receive help more than others:
-Screaming
-How costly it is to help
-Women
-Attractive Women
-People similar to you |
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Term
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Definition
Failure to act because no one else seems alarmed, so we assume we don't have to be as well
-In ambiguous situations, we look to others to decide how we should act |
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Term
| Testing Pluralistic Ignorance |
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Definition
| People were asked to fill out a bunch of surveys. In another room, smoke starts to come out of it and someone needs help. When someone was alone, they helped 75% of the time. When someone was with other survey takers, they helped on 38% of the time. When someone was with two people paid to do nothing, they only helped 10% of the time! |
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Term
| How to Eliminate Pluralistic Ignorance |
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Definition
| Make what you need clear to people, yell it out! |
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Term
| How to Eliminate Diffusion of Responsibility |
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Definition
| Call out a specific person |
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Term
| Rural VS Urban areas and Altruism |
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Definition
| People are more likely to give/receive help in a rural area compared to an urban one |
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Term
| Social Class and Altruism |
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Definition
| People who made 25,000 a year gave moer to charity than those who made 100,000 a year. |
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Term
| Religion and Altruism Study |
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Definition
| People were split into 2 groups. One group were primed with religious words (like god, prophet, spirit) and one group wasn't. Then people were asked to give money to a stranger. When people primed with religion, they were much more likely to give money to a stranger, where as when not primed with religion, they were much more likely to give nothing |
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| Evolutionary Approach and Altruism |
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Definition
| We behave altruistically toward those who promote survival and reproduction of ourselves and our genetic relatives |
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Term
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Definition
| Tendency for natural selection to favor behaviors that benefit the survival of genetic relatives |
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Term
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Definition
It can be evolutionary advantageous to help non relatives if that help with be reciprocated at a later time
-Help someone to get something out of it later |
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Term
| Cooperation and need balance |
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Definition
| Cooperation is essentially for human functioning, however must be balanced with the desire to not be taken advantage of, otherwise it does not work. |
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Term
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Definition
Choosing to share or steal
-If both share, both win. Both steal, both lose.
-If one steals and other shares, one who steals gets all of them |
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Term
| Evidence from Prisoner's Dilemma Game |
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Definition
-People who are more competitive tend to assume others are more competitive
-people will become more competitive when they are primed with hostile words |
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Term
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Definition
Someone is given a sum of money and is asked to divide it up between people, in any way he chooses
-It tests their altruistic behavior |
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Term
| Ultimatum Game and Culture |
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Definition
| Those who come from interdependent cultures are more likely to share the money equally than those who come from independent ones |
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Term
| tit-for-tat strategy of cooperation |
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Definition
Start by cooperating with someone, and then from there do whatever they do
-If they continue to cooperate, you guys will both cooperate and benefit
-If the other person defects, then you defect until they cooperate again |
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