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| A disturbing awareness among members of a negatively stereotyped group that an of their actions or characteristics that fit the stereotype may confirm it as a self-characterization. |
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| A system of cultural beliefs, values and customs that exalts heterosexuality and denies, denigrates, and stigmatizes any non heterosexual form of behavior or identity. |
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| Negative attitudes based on sexual orientation whether the target is homosexual, bisexual, or heterosexual |
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| prejudice and discrimination based on a persons racial background |
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Attitudes towards members of a racial group that incorporate both:
Egalitarian Social vales and
Negative emotions
Result: Causing one to avoid interactions group members
Response amplification - african americans are lazy and thats why they are lower- so when they see one who is black |
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| chivalrous attitude toward women that feels favorable but actually casts women as weak creatures in need of men's protection. |
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| antagonistic attitude toward women who are viewed as trying to control men through feminist ideology or sexual seduction. |
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| Any attitude, action, or institutional structure that subordinates a person because of her or his sex. |
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| Sexism based on both positive and negative attitudes (hostility and benevolence), rather than uniform dislike. |
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| System justification theory |
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| Members of disadvantaged groups often adopt beliefs endorsing the legitimacy and fairness of the unequal group status hierarchy in society |
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| Personal-group discrimination discrepancy |
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| Tendency for members of disadvantaged groups to minimize personal discrimination in their own lives. |
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| A theory contending that societal groups can be organized in a power hierarchy in which the dominant groups enjoy a disproportionate share of the society’s assets and the subordinate groups receive most of its liabilities. |
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| where the two groups have to work together it is good for reducing prejudice |
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| a pattern of increased hostility toward outgroups accompanied by increased loyalty to one’s ingroup. |
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| Realistic Group Conflict Theory |
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| Intergroup conflict develops from competition for limited resources |
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| Authoritarian Personality |
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| A personality trait characterized by submissiveness to authority, rigid adherence to conventional values, and prejudice toward outgroups. |
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| A disturbing awareness among members of a negatively stereotyped group that any of their actions or characteristics that fit the stereotype may confirm it as a self-characterization. |
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| Tendency for individuals who are associated with stigmatized people to face negative evaluations from others. PEOPLE WHO ARE OVERWEIGHT ARE VIEWED NEGATIVELY AND PEOPLE ASSOCIATED WITH THEM. |
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| An attribute that serves to discredit a person in the eyes of others. |
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| A socially defined position occupied by a person in society that is very important in shaping his or her self-concept and life choices. MALE HEADEREL SEXUAL WHITE |
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| The tendency to give more favorable evaluations and greater rewards to ingroup members than to outgroup members. |
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| A group to which we belong and that forms a part of our social identity. |
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| Outgroup Homogeneity Effect |
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| Perception of outgroup members as being more similar to one another than are members of one’s ingroup. |
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| Unconsciously held prejudicial attitudes. |
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| Prejudicial attitudes that are consciously held, even if they are not publicly expressed. |
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| A negative and/or patronizing action toward members of a specific social group |
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| Attitudes toward members of specific groups that directly or indirectly suggest they deserve an inferior social status. |
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uses cues irrelevant to message
content to produce relatively thoughtless shift in attitude
attitude change highly susceptible to counterarguments |
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| Two routes to persuasion: |
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| central, peripheral route |
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uses high message elaboration
can produce attitude change
resistant to counterarguments |
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After making a decision, we often feel dissonance regarding possibility of it being wrong.
To reduce dissonance we change our perceptions to make the decision seem more attractive.
after you spend the time and learn about different computers. you think about the positive in the other computers and the negative about your other one, and now are mad. Buyers remorse. |
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| assumes we are logical, and keep our actions and attitudes consistant. |
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| Theory of Planned Behavior |
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People's conscious decisions to engage in specific actions determined by
-their attitudes toward the behavior
-relevant subjective norms
-their perceived behavioral control |
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| helps the person protect himself or herself from acknowledging basic self truths. psychoanalytic |
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| Helps the person to structure the world so that it makes sense Cognitive |
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| helps the person to achieve rewards and gain approval from others Behaviorist |
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People develop and change their attitudes to:
satisfy different psychological needs like the presidential elections. |
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the theory that we often infer our internal states, such as our attitudes, by observing our behavior.
by darrel bemm, social behaviorist. We don’t have a great idea about ourselves. You behave a certain way therefore I must have an attitude consistent with that behavior. |
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| Tendency to develop more positive feelings toward objects and individuals the more we are exposed to them. Walking down the street and feel drawn to someone in a positive way. like the guy in the parking structure at the entrance |
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| Simultaneous possession of contradictory implicit and explicit attitudes toward the same object |
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| Attitude activated automatically from memory, often without person's awareness that she or he possesses it |
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| A consciously held attitude |
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| Enduring beliefs about important life goals that transcend specific situations |
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| An estimate of the probability that something is true |
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| A positive or negative evaluation of an object |
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Tendency to bolster and defend self-esteem by:
-taking credit for positive events
-denying blame for negative events |
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| Fundamental Attribution Error |
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| Tendency to overestimate impact of dispositional causes and underestimate impact of situational causes when explaining other people’s behavior |
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| In making attributions you rely on three kinds of information |
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Definition
consensus information - look to see if other students are reacting the same way as the target high everyone is sleeping, low no one but one is sleeping
Consistency information - Past lectures were they sleeping in other lectures.
Distinctiveness information- does the target person react in a similar way in other stimulus object, does he sleep in class in other classes. |
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Definition
In order for something it must be present
to be the cause of a when behavior occurs
particular behavior and absent when it
doesn’t occur |
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| Kelley’s Covariation Model |
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how Social desirability of behavior
Freedom of choice of behavior
Non common effects of behavior could the results been caused by some other behavior |
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You infer that actor’s behavior
corresponds to a dispositional(internal stable characteristic) characteristic (internal and stable factor) we are logical thinkers that make rational decisions |
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| Low intelligence, didn’t study enough lack of motivation |
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| Process by which people use information to make inferences about causes of behavior or events |
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general expressiveness
-smiling
-decoding accuracy |
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Women tend to be more overtly expressive than men, especially in smiling
Although smiles reflect positive affect, people also smile when:
-Embarrassed
-Uncomfortable
-Miserable |
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| -greater discomfort publicly |
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| Collectivists and individualists |
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equal in publicly expressing
positive emotions |
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| Facial Expressions and Seven Primary Emotions |
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Definition
anger
disgust
fear
happiness
surprise
contempt
sadness |
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| Sending and receiving of information using gestures, expressions, vocal cues, and body movements rather than words. |
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| self-fulfilling prophecy? |
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| Process by which someone's expectations about a person or group leads to the fulfillment of those expectations. |
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after-the-fact overestimation of our ability to have foreseen the outcome of an event
counterfactual thinking
Tendency to evaluate events by imagining alternative versions or outcomes |
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| Time-saving mental shortcuts that reduce complex judgments to simple rules of thumb ex.. walks like a duck, quacks like a duck, it’s a duck |
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| based on what they wear, look like, judge people and make a quick decision |
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| because they are a member of a social group we think we know them. |
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| Schema about how series of events likely to occur in well-known situation |
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Organized structure of knowledge about something in memory
-built up from experience
-used to understand and
interpret information
-acts as a cognitive filterI have a schema for watching football
I understand how to wear a hat.
I don’t have a schema for hockey, i don’t understand it. |
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| Motivated-Tactician Model |
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| We are complex social thinkers |
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Definition
Judgments or decisions that are under the control of automatically activated evaluations occurring without our awareness
There Are Individual Differences in Both Explicit and Implicit Cognition |
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| Deliberate judgments or decisions of which we are consciously aware |
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| usually lazy thinkers would rather be told what to do, |
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| usually like to think and solve problems |
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| People employ two broad cognitive strategies in their social thinking |
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effortless thinking
-effortful thinkingExplicit |
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| Distortions and alterations in witnesses memories due to receiving misleading information during questioning. |
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| How we interpret, analyze, remember, and use information about the social world. |
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