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Definition
| scientific study of the way in which people's thoughts, feelings, and behaviour are influenced by the real or imagined presence of other people. |
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Definition
| When a person or group uses any type of social power to change the attitudes or behavior of others in a particular direction, they have used social influence |
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| Social Influence= Social Psychologist |
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Definition
The reason why they are interested in this, is because they cannot understand how a single person could possibly have such a strong effect on its followers in order to get them to do things (suicide, mass murder) that they usually would not do.
ex. Warren Jeffs and the Mormon children.
Jonestown suicides. |
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Term
SOCIOLOGY
social psychology
Personality Psychology |
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Definition
LOOKS AT SOCIETIES AND GROUPS(THEREFORE BROAD RESEARCH)
looks at the way the environment affects the individual.
Looks At Individual Difference( The Most Close Up) |
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| Social Psychology VS Sociology |
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Definition
S. C looks at the individual and the reason why this individual acts the way they do. So if someone wants to hurt another person they look into aggression pertaining to that person.
VS
S. looking at more at the environment around this individual and trying to figure out how that particular environment that they're in might trigger aggression. |
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| The aspects of people's personalities that make them different from other people. |
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| Personality Psychology VS Social Psychology |
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Definition
P. P looks at the individual's personality to discover how they are different from other people.
S. P looks at social influence and how that could have affected the individual's actions. |
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Term
| Fundamental Attribution Error |
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Definition
| We tend to explain people's behaviour in terms of their personality, and underestimate, the influence of the environment. |
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Definition
| The technique where researches systematically measure two or more variables and assess the relation between them. |
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Definition
| height and weight are positively correlated, because the taller people are the more they tend to weigh. |
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Definition
| The more a student skips a class the more their grade in that class goes down. |
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Term
| Correlation and Causation |
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Definition
A kid watching a violent tv show might make them more violent, or the kid watching the violent tv show might already be violent and enjoys it. However it could also mean they have neglectful parents.
Just because two things are correlated it doesn't mean that the cause could be proven. |
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Definition
the researches manipulates one or more variables to see how that variable influences another.
COMPONENTS- Independent Variable and Dependent Variable. |
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Definition
| Ensuring that nothing other than the independent variable can affect the dependent variable. This is accomplished by controlling all unrelated variables and by assigning people to different experimental conditions. |
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Term
| Random Assignment to Condition |
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Definition
the process where all participants have an equal chance of taking part in any condition of an experiment.
In relation to Internal Validity, this ensures that there is an even distribution of backgrounds and personalities among participants. |
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Term
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Definition
a number, calculated with statistical techniques, that tells researchers how likely it is that the results of their experiment occurred by chance and not because of the i.v
The p. value tells us how confident we can be that the difference was attributable to chance rather than to the i.v |
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Definition
The extent to which the result of a study can be generalized to other situations and to other people.
Generalizability- Social Psychologists have been criticized for not having realistic psychology experiments so they try to make the experiments as real as possible. |
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Definition
| The extent to which an experiment is similar to real life situations. |
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Definition
| The extent to which the psychological processes triggered in an experiment are similar to psychological processes that occur in every day life. |
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Term
| Basic Dilemma- Social Psychologists |
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Definition
| It basically is about social psychologists doing field experiments to prevent their experiments from being wrongfully influenced by unrelated variables. |
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Term
| Internal and External Validity |
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Definition
| As internal validity increases, external validity decreases and vice versa. |
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Definition
| How people select, interpret, remember and use social information to make judgement and decisions. |
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Term
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Definition
mental structures that people use to organize their knowledge about the world.
Attention- screen out information that is inconsistent
Interpretation- only attend to schema consistent information.
Memory- Allows us to relate to past experiences. (So if it's accessibly the more likely we are to make better decisions based on past experiences/schema) |
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Term
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Definition
The negative consequences are that we automatically imprint stereotype schemas and usually this is bad.
Reference to the shoot or don't shoot experiment where participants were asked to decide if the black man holding an "object" possibly a gun should be shot. Most people picked yes however the person wasn't holding a gun. |
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Definition
So basically schemas allow us to make sense of the world so that we don't go around terrified not knowing what anything is ever. It helps up make connections and function of a day to day basis.
(Schema on the CTV lady) |
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Term
| Schemas and accessibility/ priming |
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Definition
Definition the extent to which schemas and concepts are at the forefront of people's minds and are therefore likely to be used when making judgements about the social world.
(ex. discriminatory schema about the restaurant waiter not serving someone fast enough)
P. Definition- the process by which recent experiences increase the accessibility of a schema, or concept (ex reading a book about mental illness and thinking the man on the bus is mentally ill) |
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Term
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Definition
the case whereby people have an expectation about what another person is like, which influences how they act toward that person, which, in turn, causes that person to behave consistently with their original expectations.
Resistant to change because the person has made up their mind about how another person is regardless of how they might actually be. |
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Term
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Definition
Mental shortcut people use to make judgements quickly and efficiently.
Advantage- that you can make decisions/ judgements quickly
Limitations- not always accurate. |
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Definition
A mental shortcut whereby people base a judgement on the ease with which they can bring something to mind.
Availability- having schemas at the ready increases availability. However this can sometimes be a disadvantage because what you have readily available might not be the correct heuristic. (Dr. Alter- pneumonia case) |
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Term
| Representativeness Heuristic |
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Definition
| A mental shortcut whereby people classify something according to how similar it is to a typical case. |
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Term
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Definition
Information about the frequency of members of different categories in the population. (Students in an Alberta Uni most likely being all Albertan.)
We are quick to assume based on past experiences where a person might be from. When in reality we do not know where they are from.( Lyne the possibly Albertan/possibly Quebecois student) |
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Term
| Anchoring and Adjustment Heuristic |
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Definition
we tend to use a number or value as a starting point, and then adjust our answer away from the anchor.
(chocolate and wine example- last 2 digits of my phone number 50)(how far Toronto was from Vancouver) |
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Definition
Thinking that is conscious, intentional, voluntary, and effortful.
Giving you full control of your thoughts, because you get to choose whether or not to think it. |
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Definition
monitoring process- detects unwanted thought coming into consciousness
operating process- effortful attempt to distract oneself from supressed thought. |
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Mentally changing some aspect of the past as a way of imagining what might have been.
Might help if you accept the events. |
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Definition
| the way in which people communicate, intentionally or unintentionally, without words. |
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Definition
expressing emotion
conveying attitudes
communicating personality traits
facilitating verbal communication |
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Term
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Definition
| it is believed that there are certain facial expressions that can be recognized throughout all the world. (ex. happiness,sadness,anger,disgust,fear, and shock) |
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Definition
All humans encode(portray) emotions in the same way. All humans decode (hide) emotions with equal accuracy.
Inaccurate decoding- sometimes a person doesn't just show one emotion, they might demonstrate characteristics of one or more facial expressions, making it hard to interpret their emotions. |
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Definition
| a facial expression in which one part of the face registers one emotion while another part of the face registers a different emotion. |
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Definition
chin raise
lack of details
higher voice
facial pleasantness
never admitting to forgetting details
dilated pupil
vocal uncertainty
nervousness
spontaneous correction |
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Term
| Non verbal communication- cross cultural |
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Definition
thumbs up in America is ok in other countries it could be a obscene gesture like the middle finger.
the Italian gesture(hand purse) sometimes is used as a reference to food, in other countries it could be an offensive gesture. |
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Definition
sex difference in social behaviour derive from a society's division of labour between the sexes.
Women are better at both encoding and decoding non verbal info. |
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Term
| Implicit personality theory |
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Definition
a type of schema people use to group various kinds of personality traits together.
It allows us to form an opinion or impression on people in a short amount of time. That being said, it can also be a drawback just because what we see isn't always the truth( the aids situation), originates when you meet someone new. |
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Term
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Definition
internal attribution- the inference that a person is behaving in a certain way because of something about him or her such as his or her attitude, character or personality
external attribution- the inference that a person is behaving a certain way because of something about the situation he or she is in.
Basically this theory gives us a small window of insight on what a person is like and why they are the way they are. |
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Term
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Definition
It's basically a thought process that helps us understand why a person would make a certain decision.
Consensus- info about the extent to which other people behave the same way
distinctiveness- info about the extent to which one particular actor behave in the same way to different stimuli
consistency- info about the extent to which the behaviour between one actor and one stimulus is the same across time and circumstances. |
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Term
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Definition
| the tendency to infer that people's behavior corresponds to or matches their disposition |
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Definition
information that is the focus of people's attention.
Basically this means that what we see and hear about a person (how they act) is the thought that we will have on this individual. |
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Term
| Actor/ Observer Difference |
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Definition
| the tendency to see other people's behaviour as dispositionally caused, while focusing more on the role of situational factors when explaining one's own behaviour. |
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Term
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Definition
explanations for behaviour that avoid feelings of vulnerability and mortality.
So let's say when Iona's bf's brother died, that could easily happen to me and its upsetting therefore I would develop some sort of defensive attribution.
(belief in a just world- thinking bad things only happen to bad/stupid people) |
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Term
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Definition
It basically just means that if a person has done wrong in any way in their life, if something tragic happens to them it's because they deserve it.
Blaming the victim- rape victims being considered as the provokee, and people not taking into consideration that it wasn't their fault. |
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Term
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Definition
| the extent to which knowledge about the self is stable, and clearly and consistently defined. |
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Definition
| the act of thinking about ourselves. |
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Definition
ex. Masako's marriage to the prince. i.v states that it took away her rights to individuality(America). Whereas the i.d.v just thinks this is a normal occurrence (Asia)
independent view- defining oneself in terms of one's own internal thoughts feelings and actions and not in terms of the thoughts feelings and actions of other people.
interdependent view- defining oneself in terms of one's relationship to other people, recognizing that one's behavior is often determined by the thoughts, feelings and actions of others. |
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Term
| Self concept- culture/gender |
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Definition
| Basically states that women are more relational and will talk to each other about more personal related problems in their lives, as apposed to men whom will speak to each other about sports (collective interdependence) |
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Definition
| We think that when we are upset, thanks to the schemas we develop is for a particular reason (fatigue, hunger, period cramps, but when doing an experiments, Nisbett realized his frustration was actually related to the annoying whine of the vacuum cleaner outside the office. Therefore explaining that sometimes we get irritated for reasons we cannot explain. |
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Term
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Definition
the theory that when our attitudes and feelings are uncertain or ambiguous, we infer these states by observing our behaviour and the situation in which it occurs.
ex. thinking of whether or not you're pro green or possibly into classical music. |
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Term
| Intrinsic and extrinsic motivation, overjustification effect |
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Definition
i.m- doing things without having a particular pleasure related motivation
e.m- doing things for the reward/ pleasure.
o.e- |
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