Shared Flashcard Set

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Social Psychology
n/a
86
Psychology
Undergraduate 2
12/15/2011

Additional Psychology Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term
Hospital/waiting room design
Definition

gives them more optimal range to check on patients.  

Term
Littering
Definition
most the time we litter because we see others have littered in that area as well. However, if the area is clean and kept that way we also will too, and if someone picks up their garbage we will too.
Term
Learned helplessness
Definition

the belief that despite our efforts we are unable to control what happens to us.  

Term
Crowding
Definition

the subjective feeling that that there are too many people in a given space.

Term
Territoriality
Definition

the tendency to stake out an area and a willingness to defend that are from intruders.

Term
Noise and pollution
Definition

annoying, unwanted sound

Term
Ambient environment
Definition

sensory surroundings, including temperature, odor, and sound

Term
Cognitive control
Definition

the sense people have about the predictability or controllability of their situation

Term
Personal space
Definition

an area with invisible boundaries that surrounds us.

Term
Sensory overload
Definition
when the amount of information to be processed exceeds the individual’s capacity to sort out what is relevant from what is not.  
Term
Hypocrisy induction
Definition

a technique for effecting behavior change by confronting people with the inconsistency between their attitudes and their behavior.  

Term
Dimensions of Aggression
Definition
aggression is any behavior intended to harm another person who is motivated to avoid the harm. Direct is behavior that intentionally harms another person who is physically present’ behavior that intentionally harms another person who is physically absent.
Term
Hostile vs. Instrumental Aggression
Definition

 

: Hostile (reactive) aggression- aggression against another person with intent to do physical or mental harm; the goal or reinforcement is pain or suffering on the victim. It is always accompanied by anger. Whereas Instrumental aggression-a form of aggression against another person in which the aggression is used as a means of securing some reward or to achieve an external goal such as a victory, unlike hostile aggression harm to others is incidental and is not the perceived goal.

Term
Frustration‐Aggression Theory
Definition

anytime something blocks the attainment of a goal aggression occurs. However, F-A not always happens; there is little evidence for catharsis.

Term
Aggressive Stimulus
Definition
refers to an object that is associated with aggressive responses and whose mere presence can increase the probability of aggression.  
Term
Weapons effect
Definition

the increase in aggression that occurs as a result of the mere presence of a weapon.

Term
Self‐esteem and aggression
Definition
low self-esteem is related to aggression
Term
Domestic violence
Definition

domestic violence that occurs within the home or family, between people who have a close relationship with each other.

Term
Culture of honor
Definition
a society that places high values on individual respect, strength and virtue and accepts and justifies violent action in response to threats to one’s honor.
Term
Propinquity Effect
Definition
being near someone on a regular basis.  
Term
Rejection/loneliness
Definition

being prevented by others from forming or keeping a social bond with them; the opposite of acceptance.  Loneliness- the painful  feelings of wanting more human contact or connection than you have.

Term
unrequited love
Definition
a situation in which one person loves another but the other does not return that love.  
Term
Stalking
Definition

 persisting in romantic courtships, or other behaviors that frighten and harass the rejecter in a relationship.

Term
Attractiveness
Definition
anything that draws two or more people together, making them want to be together and possibly to form a lasting relationship.
Term
Comparison Level
Definition

refers to people's expectations about the level of rewards and punishments they are likely to receive in a particular relationship to understand social behavior by analyzing the costs and benefits of interacting with each other; it assumes that sex is a resource that women have and men want.  

Term
investment model
Definition

theory that uses three factors-satisfaction, alternatives and investments- to explain why people stay with their long-term

Term
Comparison Level for Alternatives
Definition
if the alternative is lower than then comparison level it still may not be higher than the outcome to keep the individual from leaving the relationship.  
Term
Equity Theory
Definition

 refers to a social exchange theory that asserts that people seek and are most satisfied with an interpersonal relationship when their own benefits/costs ratio equals the ir partner's benefits/costs ratio.

Term
Sternberg’s Theory of Love
Definition
there are three components of love, intimacy, passion and commitment. Passion +intimacy=romantic do it because they are obligated by love. Intimacy+ commitment= lots of liking but falsely believe. Most parents have this. Passion +commitment= physical intimacy. All of them equal consummalte love.  
Term
Understanding the divorce rate
Definition
The divorce rate has been on the rise since it was made legal. Maybe more so now because women have means  to support self and their children. Men feel less obligated to support children because of paternity uncertainty. There are also added pressures from stereotype assumptions. Unknown divorce procedures/outcomes of settlements. Low initially then rise to the level of hetero-couples.
Term
Exchange vs. communal
Definition

In exchange relationships, members benefit each other to incur or repay obligation, quid pro quo. In communal relationships, the basis of benefit is concern for the other's welfare.

Term
Coolidge effect
Definition

 the sexually arousing power of a new partner (greater than the appeal of a familiar partner)

Term
Erotic plasticity
Definition

 the degree to which the sex drive can be shaped and altered by social, cultural and situational forces.  

Term
Extra‐dyadic sex
Definition

 having sex with someone other than one’s regular relationship partner such as a spouse or boy/girlfriend

Term
Jealousy
Definition
is the fear of losing something that you have
Term
Evolutionary Approach to Love
Definition
theory of sexuality asserting that the sex drive has been shaped by natural selection and that its forms thus tend to be innate.  
Term
Conflict diff b/w hetero & gay/lesbian couples
Definition
similar or different; better understood in terms of biological sex of couple member than sexual orientation per se. Hetero: low agreement areas of conflict and more infidelity. Homo- better conflict resolution, less infidelity, smaller social networks for support and gender roles.  
Term
Attachment Styles
Definition

secure attachment, in which people are low on anxiety and low on avoidance they trust their partners, share their feelings, provide and receive support and comfort, and enjoy their relationships. Preoccupied, in which people are low on avoidance but high on anxiety; they want and enjoy closeness but worry that their relationship partners will abandon them. Dismissing attachment, in which people are low on anxiety but high on avoidance they tend to view partners as unreliable, unavailable and uncaring. Fearful attachment, in which people have both high anxiety and high avoidance; they have low opinions of themselves and keep others from getting close.

Term
Bad apple Effect
Definition

the idea that one person who breaks the rules can inspire other people to break the rules also.

Term
Loneliness
Definition

  the painful  feelings of wanting more human contact or connection than you have.

Term
Matching hypothesis
Definition

the proposition that people tend to pair up with others who are equally attractive.  

Term
Ostracism
Definition
 being excluded, rejected, and ignored by others
Term
Self-monitoring
Definition

 the ability to change one’s behavior for different situations.  

Term
Paternity uncertainty
Definition

the fact that a man cannot be sure that the children born to his female partner are his.

Term
Job Satisfaction
Definition
employees motivation to work
Term
Affective commitment
Definition
an emotional attachment to the organization that makes the employee want to stay in the organization.  
Term
Normative commitment
Definition
a commitment to the organization based on feelings of obligation.
Term
Continuance commitment
Definition
remaining with a company because of the high cost of losing organizational membership, including both monetary and social costs.  
Term
Will-do vs. can-do
Definition
will-do says an employee’s normal or typical performance, that a can-do the maximum performance of which an employee is capable.  
Term
Organizational climate
Definition

It is a set of properties of the work environment, perceived directly or indirectly by the employees, that is assumed to be a major force in influencing employee behavior.

Term
Title VII
Definition
federal law that prohibits discrimination based on race, color, religion, sex and national origin
Term
Social Exchange Theory
Definition
emphasizes the idea that social action is the result of personal choices made in order to maximize benefits and minimize costs.
Term
Job withdrawal
Definition
behaviors that employees use to avoid their job, such as quitting or retiring.  
Term
Private Behavior/public Space studies
Definition

visual intrusion: ability to see/be seen. Clear panels are not effective. College dropouts are more likely to happen with students who live in dorms or with roommates and communal bathrooms and showers.

Term
Tragedy of the commons
Definition

has proven a useful concept for understanding how we have come to be at the brink of numerous environmental dilemmas, some short-term ecological crises, others long-term energy and resource descents. In short, people face a dangerous situation created not by malicious outside forces but by the apparently appropriate and innocent behaviors of many individuals and small groups acting alone.

Term
Recycling
Definition

may be altruistic behavior.  Social pressure on individuals to encourage community, recycling behavior. Human evolutionary trait of being sensitive to social pressures conform to the values, attitudes or behaviors of others can be exploited to increase individual participated in community recycling.

Term
Disasters
Definition

Psychological reactions to disaster include behavioral changes and regression in children including fear and anxiety about recurrence, sleep disturbances and school avoidance leading to development of school phobias. Re-establishing routine is essential for both children and adults. Familiar patterns of mealtime (with familiar food), work of some sort, socialization time, and bedtime routine are important for adults as well as children.

Term
Temperature effects
Definition
we judge others on the basis of warmth because abstract concepts such as affection are firmly grounded in bodily sensations.
Term
Scarcity of resources
Definition

Perceived scarcity will generate demand. For example, saying offers are available for a "limited time only" encourages sales.

Term
Panic button effect
Definition

refers to a reduction in stress or suffering due to a belief that one has the option of escaping or controlling the situation, even if one does not exercise it.  

Term
Social Learning Theory
Definition
refers to a theoretical approach to the study of behavior that is interested in both overt behaviors and the role of possible cognitive mediators that may influence such behaviors directly or indirectly. Monkey see, monkey do.
Term
Catharsis
Definition
workout aggression.   
Term
Displacement
Definition
the phenomenon of redirecting one’s anger or frustration towards individuals other than the ones who are the source of anger.  
Term
Gender differences
Definition

males are more aggressive than females. Females do silent bullying. They are more verbal when it comes to content however men are louder.

Term
Alcohol myopia
Definition

people drink so they don’t understand or notice someone is being mean and act they don;’t think about what the outcome will be.

Term
Common couple violence
Definition
a relationship dynamic in which conflict occasionally gets out of hand, leading usually to minor forms of violence, and rarely escalates into serious or life-threatening forms of violence. Acts of violence by men and women occur at fairly equal rates, with rare-occurrences of injury, and are not committed in an attempt to control a partner.  
Term
Patriarchal terrorism
Definition

a more unilateral form of domestic violence in which a husband engages in chronic pattern of serious abuse to control a wife, who does not reciprocate with physical aggression.

Term
Similarity
Definition

couples tend to be similar in physical attractiveness. Being alike with regard to smoking, drinking, premarital sex, morning/night people, similar self concepts, more attractiveness

Term
Reciprocity
Definition

People tend to return a favor, thus the pervasiveness of free samples in marketing. In his conferences, he often uses the example of Ethiopia providing thousands of dollars in humanitarian aid to Mexico just after the 1985 earthquake, despite Ethiopia suffering from a crippling famine and civil war at the time. Ethiopia had been reciprocating for the diplomatic support Mexico provided when Italy invaded Ethiopia in 1935. The good cop/bad cop strategy is also based on this principle.

Term
Mere Exposure Effect
Definition

a phenomenon by which people tend to develop a preference for things merely because they are familiar with them. The more you see someone the more pleasing and likeable that person appears to be.    

Term
Interdependence Model Equations
Definition
OC-CL= Satisfaction; OC-ALT=dependence
Term
Thinking styles of couples
Definition
there could be danger if you don’t have the same thinking styles
Term
Effects of cohabitation
Definition
seems to be negative effects. Jealousy happens more often, because of infidelity.
Term
Sperm competition
Definition

is a term used to refer to the competitive process between spermatozoa of two different males to fertilize an egg of a lone female.[1] Competition occurs whenever females engage in promiscuous mating to increase their chances in producing more viable offspring

Term

Stigmatized Relationships

Definition
interracial, age differences, homosexual-usually get negative feedback from society.
Term
Personnel Decision Making
Definition

women must look good in uniform. True positive, true negative, false negatives and false positives. If you have true positives and false negatives you are successful yet false negatives will be rejected. True negatives and false positives will be seen as unsuccessful yet false positives will be accepted

Term
Turnover
Definition
context refers to the characteristic of a given company or industry, relative to rate at which an employer gains and loses staff.
Term
Interview types
Definition

 there are structured and unstructured. Refer to decision making.

Term
Wage gaps
Definition

women make .76 cents to a man’s dollar. The equity theory input to counter ratio and performance ratio what did you do for your BA? 2-5 times as many publications easy to be seen as men to be seen as equally.

Term

Discrimination

Definition
unfair treatment of one person or group, usually because of prejudice about race, ethnicity, age, religion, or gender
Term

ADA

Definition
The ADA is a wide-ranging civil rights law that prohibits, under certain circumstances, discrimination based on disability. It affords similar protections against discrimination to Americans with disabilities as the Civil Rights Act of 1964,[4] which made discrimination based on race, religion, sex, national origin, and other characteristics illegal. Disability is defined by the ADA as "a physical or mental impairment that substantially limits a major life activity." The determination of whether any particular condition is considered a disability is made on a case by case basis.
Term
Belief in a just world
Definition

 women and minorities believe in this the most because they have to in order to keep on striving.  

Term
Terror management theory
Definition

human behavior is mostly motivated by the fear of mortality. The theory purports to help explain human activity both at the individual and societal level.

Term
Burnout
Definition
term for the experience of long-term exhaustion and diminished interest.
Term

Sexual harassment

Definition

allied pro quo-this happens when job benefits are made on the basis of sexual favors. vs. hostile work environment-this happens when the employee is afraid of going to work, the enforcer is intimidating and may harm them. They are shown a 3 minute video of participants and asked how would it be to work for this man?-ick effect.

Term

 

Levy effect  

Definition
Unemployment do not have any long term effects on people such as it was thought before.
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