Term
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Definition
| The finding that the more we see and interact with people, the more likely they are to become our friends |
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Term
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Definition
| The finding that the more exposure we have to a stimulus, the more apt we are to like it |
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Term
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Definition
| THe idea that people's feelings about a relationship depend on their perceptions of the rewards and costs of the relationship, the kind of relationship they deserve, and their chances for having a better relationship with someone else |
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Term
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Definition
| People's expectations about the level of rewards and punishments they are likely to receive in a particular relationship |
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Term
| Comparison Level for Alternatives |
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Definition
| People's expectations about the level of rewards and punishments they would receive in an alternative relationship |
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Term
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Definition
| The idea that people are happiest with relationships in which the rewards and costs experienced and the contributions made by both parties are roughly equal |
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Term
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Definition
| The intimacy and affection we feel when we care deeply for a person but do not experience passion or arousal in the person's presence |
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Term
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Definition
| An intense longing we feel for a person, accompanied by physiological arousal; when our love is reciprocated, we feel great fulfillment and ecstasy, but when it is not, we feel sadness and despair |
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Term
| Evolutionary Approach to Love |
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Definition
| A theory derived from evolutionary biology that holds that men and women are attracted to different characteristics in each other (men are attracted by women's appearance; women are attracted by men's resources) because this maximizes their chances of reproductive success |
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Term
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Definition
| The attempt to explain social behavior in terms of genetic factors that evolved over time according to the principles of natural selection |
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Term
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Definition
| The expectations people develop about relationships with others, based on the relationship they had with their primary caregiver when they were infants |
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Term
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Definition
| An attachment style characterized by trust, a lack of concern with being abandoned, and the view that one is worthy and well-liked |
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Term
| Avoidant Attachment Style |
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Definition
| An attachment style characterized by a suppression of attachment needs, because attempts to be intimate have been rebuffed; people with this style find it difficult to develop intimate relationships |
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Term
| Anxious/Ambivalent Attachment Style |
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Definition
| An attachment style characterized by a concern that others will not reciprocate one's desire for intimacy, resulting in higher than average levels of anxiety |
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Term
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Definition
| The theory that people's commitment to a relationship depends not only on their satisfaction with the relationship in terms of rewards, costs, and comparison level and their comparison level for alternatives but also on how much they have invested in the relationship that would be lost by leaving it |
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Term
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Definition
| Relationships governed by the need for equity (i.e., for an equal ratio of rewards and costs) |
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Term
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Definition
| Relationships in which people's primary concern is being responsive to the other person's needs |
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Term
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Definition
| Any act performed with the goal of benefiting another person |
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Term
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Definition
| The desire to help another person even if it involves a cost to the helper |
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Term
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Definition
| The idea that behaviors that help a genetic relative are favored by natural selection |
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Term
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Definition
| The expectation that helping others will increase the likelihood that they will help us in the future |
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Term
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Definition
| The ability to put oneself in the shoes of another person and to experience events and emotions the way that person experiences them |
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Term
| Empathy-Altruism Hypothesis |
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Definition
| The idea that when we feel empathy for a person, we will attempt to help that person purely for altruistic reasons, regardless of what we have to gain |
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Term
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Definition
| The qualities that cause an individual to help others in a wide variety of situations |
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Term
| Urban Overload Hypothesis |
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Definition
| The theory that people living in cities are constantly being bombarded with stimulation and that they keep to themselves to avoid being overwhelmed by it |
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Term
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Definition
| The finding that the greater the number of bystanders who witness an emergency, the less likely any one of them is to help |
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Term
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Definition
| The case in which people think that everyone else is interpreting a situation in a certain way, when in fact they are not |
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Term
| Diffusion of Responsibility |
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Definition
| The phenomenon whereby each bystander's sense of responsibility to help decreases as the number of witnesses increases |
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Term
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Definition
| Aggression stemming from feelings of anger and aimed at inflicting pain |
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Term
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Definition
| Aggression as a means to some goal other than causing pain |
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Term
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Definition
| The instinct toward life, posited by Freud |
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Term
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Definition
| An instinctual drive toward death, leading to aggressive actions |
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Term
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Definition
| An area in the core of the brain that is associated with aggressive behaviors |
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Term
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Definition
| A chemical in the brain that may inhibit aggressive impulses |
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Term
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Definition
| A hormone associated with aggression |
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Term
| Frustration-Aggression Theory |
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Definition
| The idea that frustration--the perception that you are being prevented from attaining a goal--increases the probability of an aggressive response |
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Term
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Definition
| An object that is associated with aggressive responses and whose mere presence can increase the probability of aggression |
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Term
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Definition
| The idea that we learn social behavior by observing others and imitating them |
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Term
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Definition
| The idea that we learn social behavior by observing others and imitating them |
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Term
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Definition
| Ways of behaving socially that we learn implicitly from our culture |
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Term
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Definition
| THe notion that "blowing off steam" by performing an aggressive act, watching others engage in aggressive behaviors, or engaging in a fantasy of aggression, relieves built-up aggressive energies and hence reduces the likelihood of further aggressive behavior |
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Term
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Definition
| A hostile or negative attitude toward a distinguishable group of people, based solely on their membership in that group |
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Term
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Definition
| A generalization about a group of people in which certain traits are assigned to virtually all members of the group, regardless of actual variation among the members |
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Term
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Definition
| Unjustified negative or harmful action toward a member of a group simply because of his or her membership in that group |
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Term
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Definition
| The perception that individuals in the out-group are more similar to each other (homogeneous) than they really are, as well as more similar than the members of the in-group are |
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Term
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Definition
| The tendency to see relationships or correlations between events that are actually unrelated |
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Term
| Ultimate Attribution Error |
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Definition
| The tendency to make dispositional attributions about an entire group of people |
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Term
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Definition
| The apprehension experienced by members of a group that their behavior might confirm a cultural stereotype |
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Term
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Definition
| The tendency to blame individuals (make dispositional attributions) for their victimization, typically motivated by a desire to see the world as a fair place |
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Term
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Definition
| The case whereby people (1) have an expectation about what another person is like, which (2) influences how they act toward that person, which (3) causes that person to behave in a way consistent with people's original expectations |
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Term
| Realistic Conflict Theory |
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Definition
| The idea that limited resources lead to conflict between groups and as a result in increased prejudice and discrimination |
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Term
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Definition
| The tendency for individuals, when frustrated or unhappy, to displace aggression onto groups that are disliked, visible, and relatively powerless |
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Term
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Definition
| Racist attitudes that are held by the vast majority of people living in a society where stereotypes and discrimination are the norm |
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Term
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Definition
| Sexist attitudes that are held by the vast majority of people living in a society where stereotypes and discrimination are the norm |
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Term
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Definition
| The tendency to go along with the group in order to fulfill the group's expectations and gain acceptance |
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Term
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Definition
| Outwardly acting unprejudiced while inwardly maintaining prejudiced attitudes |
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Term
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Definition
| The situation that exists when two or more groups need each other and must depend on each other to accomplish a goal that is important to each of them |
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Term
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Definition
| A classroom setting designed to reduce prejudice and raise self-esteem of children by placing them in small, desegregated groups and making each child dependent on the other children in the group to learn the course material and do well in the class |
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