Term
| What is a theory as compared to a phenominon? |
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Definition
| A theory explains why something exists whereas a phenominon just explains that it exists. |
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Term
| What is inductive theory development? Deductive? |
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Definition
Inductive results in a theory based on specific events that have a general conclusion.
Deductive theory development comes from a general observed trend that has specific consequences.
Inductive theory development is most common. |
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Term
| What traits make a good theory? |
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Definition
1. Data supporting it must be easily quantified.
2. There must be a strong correlation between the data and the theory.
3. Parsimony: When two competing theorys draw the same conclusions, the simpler theory is generally the one that is accepted.
4. The theory spurrs further research and thus shows its importance. |
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Term
| Name the background issues for social psychological research methods: |
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Definition
1. Design: Range from Experimental to Correlational
2. Validity: Internal vs. External
3. Measurment Issues |
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Term
| What are the differences between experimental and correlational research? |
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Definition
Experimental research involves hands on manipulation of some variable and measure its effect on a dependent variable.
Correlational research deals with measured variables which can be systematically correlated with another variable. We cannot be sure of the causation since we cannot manipulate the variables directly. |
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Term
| How can we be sure that confounds aren't ruining our scientific data? |
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Definition
1. Use random assignment
2. Use a control to compare with
3. Have complete control of what happens to the subjects.
4. Standardize all parts of the experiment. |
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Term
| What are the differences between internal and external validity? |
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Definition
Internal validity deals with the degree to which you are sure of the cause of a certain dependent variable.
External validity deals with the degree that the behavior of subjects is naturally occuring. |
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Term
| What issues are involved with the measurment of social psych experiments? |
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Definition
1. Operationalization: how we manipulate a variable. It is often very difficult to directly manipulate aggression due to ethics, so one might ask whether we are actually testing what we want to.
2. Manipulation checks: Use piolet checks to see if people report the proper emotional responses we desire.
3. Reliability: Scale must be reliable over time. There cannot be any disagreements in terms of coding standards, etc... |
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Term
| Name the types of social psych research methods: |
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Definition
1. Laboratory
2. Observational Study
3. Field Experiment
4. Surveys
5. Experience Sampling
6. Simulation Study
7. Archival
8. Quasi-Experimental |
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Term
| What are the benefits of a multitrait and multimethod research approach? |
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Definition
Multitrait: Try to manipulate traits in multiple ways. If the same conclusions converge, then the theory is most likely true.
Multimethod: If support for a theory comes from different experimental methods, then there is better support for the theory. |
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Term
| What potential biases can be associated with social psychology experiments? |
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Definition
1. Design problems: demand characteristics (subject knows hypothesis prior to experimentation), 3rd variable problem (some 3rd variable that you are not accounting for is causing the result).
2. Experimenter Bias: way experimenter interacts with the subject affects the results (script all instructions).
3. Participant bias: Participants do not act naturally since they know that they are being tested. |
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Term
| How can we reduce the ethical consequences of social psychological experiments? |
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Definition
1. Informed consent: participant can stop at any time.
2. Risk versus benefit analysis: point out risks to the subject and show potential gains from the study.
3. Debriefing: Have some explanation when everything is over of what the experiment was really about. |
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Term
| In what ways do we generate schemas? |
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Definition
1. Experience
2. Operant Conditioning
3. Social Comparison: Look to others when we don't know how to evaluate something.
4. Genetic Predisposition: food preferances, etc... |
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Term
| How can we measure schemas? |
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Definition
1. Attitude surveys
2. Cluster Analyses: Take items and organize them in space relative to their "connectedness".
3. Implicit Association Test: get schemas without knowing what is being tested. Example is response times between words memorized. |
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Term
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Definition
| A central node is one part of a schema that is much more important than others. For example, man vs. woman, pretty vs. ugly. |
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Term
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Definition
| People that have one particular trait that is "linked" in our schemas with success will cause them to succeed simply because they have one qualifying trait such as physical attractiveness. |
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Term
| What are the various types of schemas? |
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Definition
1. Person
2. Concept
3. Self
4. Group
5. Event |
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Term
| How can schemas influence us? |
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Definition
1. Perception
2. Memory and Recall
3. Behavior |
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Term
| What are the attribution theories? |
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Definition
1. Heider's Level of Responsibility
2. Correspondent Inference Theory
3. Kelley's Cube |
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Term
| What are the facets of Heider's levels of responsibility? |
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Definition
1. Association
2. Causation
3. Forseeability
4. Intentionality
5. Justifiability |
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Term
| What is the Correspondent Inference theory? |
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Definition
It is a theory that explains how we develop internal attributions about others.
1. Common Effects
2. Non-Common Effects
3. Personalism
4. Hedonism |
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Term
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Definition
Kelley's cube explains how we make attributions from a variety of sources.
1. Consensus information
2. Consistensy
3. Distinctiveness |
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Term
| What are the common biases associated with attributions? |
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Definition
1. Fundamental attribution error
2. Actor-Observer Effect
3. Self-Serving Bias |
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Term
| What is the fundamental attribution error? |
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Definition
| It is the tendency for people to overestimate how greatly internal factors influence overt behavior. This most likely occurs because we tend to focus on the person rather than external factors. It also creates stable expectations. If something is internal to them, then we can expect them to act that way in the future. |
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Term
| What is the actor-observer effect? |
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Definition
| It is an attribution bias where attributions of other's is internally related and those of our own are externally. The observer wants consistency and seeks it in others but not in themself. This is mostly due to ego defense. External factors don't undermine our own ego. Also we don't have visualization of ourselves, only the situation. |
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Term
| What is the self-serving bias? |
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Definition
| It is an attribution tendency in which we tend to make internal attributions for our successes and external attributions for our failures. This is again an ego protector, but only deals with yourself. |
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Term
| What are the social aspects to the self? |
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Definition
1. Self Concept
2. Self-esteem
3. Self-presentation |
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Term
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Definition
| Self-concept is the cognitive component of the self. It regards one's knowledge of their own traits, abilities, etc... |
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Term
| How do we gather our self-concept? |
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Definition
1. Introspection
2. Look to others (looking glass)- Social comparison theory |
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Term
| What is the ego-centric bias? |
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Definition
| The ego-centric bias is where things that are self-referenced are better remembered and put us under the best possible lighting. |
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Term
| What is the social comparison theory? |
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Definition
| We continually compare ourselves to other people to figure out where we are in the pecking order. |
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Term
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Definition
| It is the affective component of the self. It is how we feel about ourselves. |
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Term
| How do we measure self-esteem? |
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Definition
1. Self-discrepancy theory
2. Self awareness |
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Term
| What is the self-decrepancy theory? |
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Definition
| It is the difference between the actual self and our ideal self. This can cause behavioral changes. |
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Term
| What are the ego protection devices? |
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Definition
1. Self-serving bias
2. Self-handicapping
3. BiRGing
4. Muhammed Ali Effect
5. Downward comparison |
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Term
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Definition
| Basking in Reflective Glory: people try to associate themselves with people that are doing well. |
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Term
| What is the Muhammed Ali Effect? |
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Definition
| People tend to evaluate themselves on dimensions that they are good at. |
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Term
| What is downward comparison? |
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Definition
| It is when you compare yourself with those that are below you. This usually results in little to no behavior changes. |
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Term
| What is self-presentation? |
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Definition
| It is the behavioral component of the self. It deals with self-monitoring, self-promotion and self-regulation. |
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Term
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Definition
| It is the degree to which a person can pick up clues as to how to fit-in in a social situation. |
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Term
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Definition
| It is when people are trying to give off the best impression possible (bragging/arrogance). |
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Term
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Definition
| It is how people adjust their behavior in order to fit in. |
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Term
Simply demonstrating that an effect occurs in research represents this type of research:
A. Correlational
B. Theoretical
C. Experimental
D. Phenomenological |
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Definition
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Term
Which of the following is the most important characteristic of a good theory:
A. Generalizable
B. Parsimony
C. Testable
D. Fits data |
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Definition
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