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| a change in behavior or belief as the result of real or imagined group pressure. |
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| how we conform our behavior to how others feel. |
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| middle area. You are asked and feel pressured to say yes. (but privately you disagree) |
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right side.
acting in accord with a direct order or command. |
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| acting in accord with a direct order or command. a subset of compliance. |
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| believing as well as acting in accord with social pressure. |
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| a light appeared to move but didn't. People tested alone conformed to the group norm for how much it moved. |
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| asch's studies on group pressure |
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| 33% of people would conform and agree the wrong line was the longest. |
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65 percent went all the way to 450 Volts. 63% of men and 73% of men would go all the way. no educational differences. victim: as proximity increased, obedience decreased. Experimenter: as proximity increased, obedience increased. even if a confederate quits, others don't.
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switched things up. teacher heard student say "slight heart condition"
63% complied. |
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"i have a heart condition" dropped from 65 to 48 percent.
authorities backed by institutions wield social power.
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| Liberating effects of group influence |
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| Milgrim studies- participants stopped when their confederates stopped. 90% of the time. |
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| The Fundamental Attribution Error |
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| Good people sometimes do bad things. |
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"going along with the crowd" to avoid rejection, to stay in people's good graces, or to gain their approval.
leads to public conformity
Springs from desire to be liked. |
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Conformity to obtain important information.
springs from desire to be right. leads to private conformity |
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| act to protect their sense of freedom. like dropping pencils. Or underage drinking. or having a sudden urge to juggle machetes. |
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| Central route to persuasion |
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| occurs when interested people focus on the arguments and respond with favorable thoughts. |
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| peripheral route to persuassion. |
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| focusing on cues that trigger acceptance without much thinking. Incidental cues. like the speaker's attractiveness. |
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1. reciprocation
2. commitment and consistency
3. social validation
4. liking
5. authority |
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W.O.I.
Give something, get something. |
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| Commitment and Consistency |
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woi
say yes once... say it again later.
Foot in the door.
little sign, big sign.
Lowball technique. |
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Little sign, big sign
consistency |
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withdraw original offer.
Consistency |
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Tapping tip jar.
not sure what to do...
look for social proof.
Make it look like everyone's doing it. |
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familiar others
similar others
physical attractiveness
complimentary others |
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Virgil- "follow an expert"
uninformed people told a guy needs a dime. |
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believability
communicator percieved as expert and trustworthy. |
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forget the source of communication.
"smell is a powerful memory trigger" |
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| arouse fear and offer solution. |
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| aknowledge other side, but still make request. good if people are aware of opposing arguments |
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| effective with those that already agree. |
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| Those who we get our influence from, get their influence from the media. It is these people the media wishes to appeal to. |
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| adolescent and early-adult experiences. |
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| make deep and lasting experiences. |
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| do not budge in their opinions. |
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| stimulated thinking makes strong messages more persuasive and weak messages less persuassive. |
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| exposing people to weak attacks upon their attitudes so that when stronger attacks come, they will have refutations available. |
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| 2 or more interact with and influence one another and perceive one another as "us." |
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| how thoughts/feeling differ in a social environment. |
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co-acting; no sense of "us"
like in an airplane. |
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| co-participants working individually on a noncompetitive activity. |
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1) original meaning: simple tasks performed better in presense of others.
2) dominant response strengthens in the presense of others. |
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| cockroaches perform better in front of other cockroaches. |
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concern for how others are evaluating us.
people perform best when their co-actor is slightly superior.
arousal lessons when a high-status group is diluted. |
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| do better/worse because you're distracted. |
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| less effort in a group setting |
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work hard to make up for others.
hurts brainstorming. |
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Overestimate their group's might and right: illusion of invulnerability
inherently morality
closed minded: rationalization
stereotypes of outsiders
pressures toward uniformity:
conformity pressure
self censorship
direct pressure
mind guarding- discouraging others to express true beliefs
illusion of unanimity- group is about agreeing |
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Definition
open climate
avoid insulation
each member told to critic
avoid being too directive
be impartial
encourage critical evaulation
occassionally subdivide the group, then reunite
welcome critiques from outside
call a "second chance" meeting |
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Term
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loss of self-awareness and evaluation apprehension; occurs in group situations that foster responsiveness to group norms, good or bad.
downloading music
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| results from accepting evidence about reality. |
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| evaluating one's opinions and abilities by comparing oneself with others. |
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| a false impression of what most other people are thinking or feeling, or how they are responding. |
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accused by society
convicted beyond reasonable doubt |
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injury to another person
breach contract
monetary values on everything
who's responsible? |
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those that pay attention to details are less likely to have paid attention to the culprit's face.
74 percent sure; 54 percent correct.
not 100% foolproof
cross-race identification bias
weapon focus effect
misinformation effect
mugshot induced bias
relationship between confidence and accuracy is zero.
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| incorporating "misinformation" into one's memory of the event after receiving misleading information about it. |
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50% more accurate
let them say everything.
jog memory.
go back to crime scene.
place cashier in place. |
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| minimize false lineup indentifications |
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Definition
screen out mistakers
show each suspect individually.
say they may or may not be in the lineup.
weed out people just guessing.
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| influences on eyewitness testimony |
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Definition
question wording
lineup instructions
confidence malleability
mug-shot-induced bias
postevent information
attitudes and expectations
cross-race bias
accuracy versus confidence |
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| the defendant's characteristics |
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physical attractiveness- beautiful people seem like good people.
similarity to the jurors- more simpathetic.
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| reactance relating to judge |
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| Judge's order to ignore testimony can in affect add to the testimony's impact. |
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| Jury can be stacked scientifically to be biased one way or another... but its not proven. just effective. |
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| more likely to put someone to death. more concerned with crime control than due process of law. |
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adapt to environment
acting+belieiving in behavior
acceptance.
look to everyone else.
internalization. |
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| Door in the face technique |
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Definition
| ask big, retreat to something smaller |
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| Message learning approach |
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Definition
attention->comprehension->recall-> act (persuasion occurs).
from comprehension, we elaborate.
and then yield to the message. |
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| Elaboration-likelihood model of attitude change. |
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Definition
| Central processing or peripherally |
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| 2 key attributes of persuader |
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Definition
| Credibility and likability |
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| Cross-race identification bias |
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Definition
| we are better at identifying people of our own race. |
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Term
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| there is a point when it is difficult to recall. peak perfomance at top of arch. performance vs. stress |
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weapon draws away attention from details.
people who pay attention to details don't notice other things. |
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memory is a reconstruction of events.
get witness ifnormation asap before its tampered. |
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memory is a reconstruction of events.
get witness ifnormation asap before its tampered. |
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| if a mugshot is shown previous to line up, that mugshot is likely to be identified as the culprit. |
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1. opportunity to view
2. attention
3. description accuracy
4. length of retnetion interval
5. confidence |
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| makes an event feel like forever |
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| how to reduce error in lineup |
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| make each an individual decision... avoids comparison. tell the people the suspect may or may not be in the line-up. weep out people just guessing. give a fake line up. |
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| provides info for jury. ultimate issue- testimony is not happening. |
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