Term
| Why did the subjects obey? (five explanations discussed in lecture) |
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Definition
1. Explicit normative influence
Normative influence: Conformity that results from a person’s
desire to fulfill other’s expectations or gain acceptance
2. Slow, step-by-step commitment
3. Conflicting norms
4. Lack of a “disobedience channel”
5. Informational influence
Informational influence: Conformity that results in an
ambiguous situation from accepting evidence about reality
provided by others |
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Term
| Four factors that influence obedience (and evidence for them from Milgram's studies) |
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Definition
1. Emotional distance of the victim
2. Closeness of the authority
3. Legitimacy/status of the authority
4. Actions of other subjects |
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Term
| Conclusions and real-world implications of Milgram's findings |
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Definition
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Term
| Ethical issues in Milgram's studies |
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Definition
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Term
| Compliance vs. internalization/acceptance |
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Definition
compliance: conformity that involves publicly acting in accord with an implied on explicit request while privately disagreeing
obedience: acting in accord with a direct order
acceptance: conformity that involves both acting and believing in accord with social pressure |
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Term
| informational vs. normative influence |
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Definition
normative influence: conformity based on a person's desire to fulfill others' expectations, often to gain experience
informational influence: conformity occurring when people accept evidence about reality provided by other people. |
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Term
| Sherif's "autokinetic effect" studies |
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Definition
autokinetic phenomenon: self (auto) motion (kinetic). The apparent movement of a stationary point of light in the dark
a sample group from sherif's study of norm formation: 3 individuals converge as they give repeated estimates of the apparent movement of a point of light. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Asch's conformity studies |
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Definition
| sample comparison from asch's conformity procedure: the participants judged which of three comparison lines matched the standard |
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Term
| Seven factors that influence conformity |
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Definition
1. Ambiguity
2. Group size
3. Unanimity
4. Cohesiveness
5. Status
6. Public response
7. Prior public commitment |
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Term
| personality and cultural differences in conformity |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| a motive to protect or restore one's sense of freedom. reactance arises when someone threatens our freedom of action. |
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Term
| central vs. peripheral routes to persuasion |
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Definition
Central route: Persuasion that occurs
when people focus on the arguments
Peripheral route: Persuasion that
occurs when people are influenced by
incidental cues |
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Term
| four elements of persuasion: the communicator, the message, how it is communicated, and the audience |
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Definition
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Term
| effects of credibility and attractiveness |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| a delayed impact of a message occurs when an initially discounted message becomes effective, as we remember the message but forget the reason for discounting it. |
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Term
| one-sided vs. two-sided appeals |
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Definition
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Term
| recency vs. primary effects in persuasion |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Leventhal et al.'s tetanus shot study |
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Definition
Control condition: Ss were given
persuasive communications about the
risks of tetanus and the value of
inoculation.
“Channel factor” condition: In
addition to the persuasive
communications, ss were provided with
a channel factor -- a map to the Health
Center. |
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Term
| social vs. nonsocial groups |
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Definition
Social Group: Two or more people
sharing common goals who interact
with and influence one another.
Nonsocial group: Two or more
people who are in the same place at
the same time. |
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Term
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Definition
- When the presence of others energizes us
- The tendency of
people to perform simple or well-
learned tasks better when others are
present. |
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Term
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Definition
“One runway” condition: Cockroaches
were put in a maze with bright light at
one end of a runway and a darkened box
at the other. “Spectator” roaches were
either present or absent.
“Multi-runway” condition: Same as
above except roaches had to choose the
correct runway.
RESULTS:
“One runway” — Cockroaches ran faster
when other roaches were present than
when they were absent.
“Multi-runway” — Cockroaches ran
slower when other roaches were present
than when they were absent. |
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Term
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Definition
Interaction: The effects of one variable
depend on the level of another
variable.
For example, there is an interaction
between the presence vs. absence of
others and the difficulty level of a task. |
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Term
| why do we become aroused in the presence of others? (3 explanations) |
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Definition
1. Evaluation apprehension
2. Distraction
3. Mere presence: Alertness and
vigilance |
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Term
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Definition
Social loafing: The tendency for
people to exert less effort on simple,
well-learned tasks when they pool
their efforts toward a common goal. |
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Term
| Lantane's shouting and clapping study |
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Definition
Procedure: Six people sitting in a
semi-circle, blindfolded, and with
headphones blasting noise were asked
to shout and clap.
Results: People shouted and clapped
three times as much when they
thought they were doing it alone than
when with five others. |
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Term
| why does social loafing occur? (3 explanations) |
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Definition
1. Lack of evaluation apprehension
2. Free riding
3. Simple vs. complex tasks |
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Term
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Definition
- Getting lost in the crowd
- Loss of self-
awareness and evaluation
apprehension occurring in group
situations that foster anonymity and
draw attention away from the
individual. |
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Term
| Zimbardo's white coat and hood study |
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Definition
Women who wore white coats and hoods
delivered more and longer shocks than
women who wore regular clothes and
large nametags. |
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Term
| why does deindividuation occur? (2 explanations) |
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Definition
1. Reduced personal accountability
2. Reduced self-awareness |
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Term
| real-world applications of social facilitation, social loafing, and deindividuation |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
Group-
produced enhancement of members’
preexisting tendencies |
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Term
| the "risky shift" and the "cautious shift" |
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Definition
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Term
| why does group polarization occur? (2 explanations) |
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Definition
1. Persuasive arguments (or “informational
influence”)
2. Social comparison (or “normative
influence”) |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| the bay of pigs disaster as an example of "groupthink" |
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Definition
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Term
| eight symptoms of "groupthink" |
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Definition
1. Illusion of invulnerability
2. Unquestioned belief in the inherent morality of
the group
(i.e., overestimate group’s “might” and “right”)
3. Collective rationalization
4. Stereotypes of opponents
(i.e., become close-minded)
5. Conformity pressure
6. Self-censorship
7. Illusion of unanimity
8. Self-appointed mindguards
(i.e., pressures to uniformity) |
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Term
| ways to prevent "groupthink" |
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Definition
1. Be critical
2. Be impartial
3. Independent groups
4. Subdivide group
5. Trusted associates
6. Outside experts
7. Devil’s advocate
8. Alternative scenarios
9. “Second-chance” meeting |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Milgram's obedience paradigm (in detail) |
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Definition
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