Term
| Define prejudice and provide an example |
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Definition
| Prejudice: a generalized attitude toward members of a social group |
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Term
| Name and describe the two kinds of sexual harassment described in the book, and give an example of each. |
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Definition
| Students should describe quid pro quo and hostile environment harassment. |
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Term
| Briefly describe stereotype threat, and give an example. |
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Definition
| Stereotype threat is the fear that one might confirm the negative stereotypes held by others of oneʹs group. |
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Term
| What does it mean to disidentify with a particular life domain or area? When is this more likely to occur? |
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Definition
| Disidentification is the process whereby one reduceʹs the relevance of a particular domain to oneʹs self-esteem. One factor that may increase its likelihood is the presence of stereotype threat. |
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Term
| What is the minimal group paradigm? |
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Definition
| It is an experimental procedure in which short-term, arbitrary groups are formed to explore the foundations of prejudice, stereotyping, and discrimination. |
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Term
| Describe a person who is high on social dominance orientation, and be sure to address how likely that person is to hold prejudices. |
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Definition
| SDO is the extent to which a person desires his or her own group to dominate other groups and be socially and materially superior to them. Individuals who are high on this dimension believe that their group should be wealthier and more powerful than other groups, and are more likely to have negative prejudices of other groups. |
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Term
| Describe at least one way in which holding a prejudice can serve the goal of gaining social approval. |
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Definition
| Options include appearing prejudiced to gain approval by particular social group that also has that prejudice, changing oneʹs reported views to fit with various audiences one wants to impress (low self-monitoring), maintaining an extrinsic orientation to religion (which is tied to negative prejudice). |
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Term
| Define scapegoating and provide an example. |
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Definition
| It is the process of blaming members of another group for oneʹs frustrations and failures. |
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Term
| Define authoritarianism and describe how it relates to prejudice and stereotyping. |
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Definition
| It is the tendency to submit to those having greater authority and to denigrate those having less authority. Individuals high in authoritarianism are more likely to hold negative prejudices and stereotypes of other groups |
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Term
| How can stereotyping serve the goal of seeking mental efficiency? Provide an example that illustrates this process. |
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Definition
| Stereotypes are mental shortcuts that allow us to infer the characteristics of an individual based solely on his/her group membership and the characteristics we associate with that group. Stereotyping saves us the mental effort involved in trying to ascertain, for each person, what his/her characteristics are. |
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Term
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Definition
| Groups are two or more persons who influence each other |
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Term
| What is social facilitation? |
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Definition
| Social facilitation is the process through which the mere presence of others increase the likelihood of dominant responses, leading to better performance on well-mastered tasks and poorer performance on unmastered tasks. |
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Term
| Define deindividuation and describe how wearing Halloween costumes could affect it. |
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Definition
| Deindividuation is the process of losing oneʹs sense of personal identity, which makes it easier to behave in ways inconsistent with oneʹs normal values. Wearing Halloween costumes, especially those that cover the face and hide oneʹs identity, can enhance deindividuation. |
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Term
| What is a dynamical system and what is the central lesson that has been produced by research on dynamical systems? |
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Definition
| A dynamical system is a system (like a group) made up of many interacting parts (like people) that changes and evolves over time. Perhaps the primary lesson that has been learned through related research is the finding that order (such as group norms) can arise out of chaos. |
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Term
| Imagine you are the manager of a new work team that has been inefficient in the past, largely because of a lack of group structure. Name and describe three key features of group structure that you could impose on the group in order to remedy this problem. |
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Definition
| Students should discuss three of the following four features: the establishment of roles, a status hierarchy, communication network, and the creation of cohesiveness. |
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Term
| Name and describe two of the reasons why people join groups, according to the textbook. |
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Definition
| Students should state and describe two of the following goals for joining groups: to get things done, to make accurate decisions, to gain positions of leadership. |
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Term
| Briefly describe Ringlemannʹs experiment involving pulling carts and his discovery of an important element of group processes. Name and define this process. |
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Definition
| Students should discuss the cart pulling experiment and the decrement in individual effort uncovered by Ringlemann as additional workers joined the group effort. Social loafing is the principle uncovered by Ringlemann, and this can be defined as the reduction of oneʹs personal effort when in a group. |
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Term
| What is group polarization? |
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Definition
| Group polarization occurs when group discussion leads members of a group to make decisions that are more extreme on the side of the issue that the group initially favored. |
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Term
| Name and describe the two personality characteristics mentioned in the book that are related to the desire to become a leader? |
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Definition
| Students should describe need for achievement and need for power |
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Term
| Describe the qualities of a transformational leader. |
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Definition
| Transformational leaders are those who change the motivations, outlooks, and behaviors of followers, thus enabling the group to better reach its goals. |
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Term
| What is a social dilemma? |
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Definition
| It is a situation in which an individual profits from selfishness unless everyone choose the selfish alternative, and then the whole group loses. |
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Term
| Define a sliding reinforcer, and provide your own example. |
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Definition
| A sliding reinforcer is a stimulus that brings rewards in small doses but these change to punishments with large doses of the same stimulus. |
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Term
| Define prosocial and egoistic value orientations, and describe the subtypes of each. |
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Definition
| Students should define and discuss altruistic and cooperative styles as prosocial, and individualist and competitive styles as egoistic |
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Term
| Describe the development of prosocial and egoistic orientations, according to the textbook. |
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Definition
| Van Lange argues that these orientations have their origins in our childhood and can be reinforced or modified by later learning experiences. Individuals who demonstrate prosocial orientation tend to have more siblings and a more secure attachment style to romantic partners. |
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Term
| Describe what is meant by ʺreinforcing more desirable environmental alternativesʺ in the context of automobile use. |
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Definition
| This involving providing incentives or other rewards for individuals who engage in socially desirable and environmentally friendly behaviors. |
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Term
| What is a command-and-control approach to environmental intervention? Provide an example. |
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Definition
| Command-and-control involves using prescriptive legal regulation that uses police power to punish violators. |
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Term
| What is a voluntarist approach to environmental intervention? Give an example. |
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Definition
| This approach allows individuals and corporations to decide the extent to which they will comply with rules and appeals to peopleʹs intrinsic sense of social responsibility. |
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Term
| What is social dominance orientation? How are they likely to feel about military spending and the use of conflict versus cooperation in international affairs? |
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Definition
| SDO is the desire that oneʹs ingroup dominate and be superior to other groups. Individuals high on SDO tend to support significant military spending and the use of conflict rather than cooperation in the resolution of international problems. |
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Term
| What is the deterrence view of international conflict? |
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Definition
| This is the belief that signs of weakness will be exploited by the opponent and that leaders need to show their willingness to use military might. |
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Term
| What is the conflict spiral view of international conflict? |
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Definition
| This is the view that escalations of international threat lead an opponent to feel more threatened and that leaders should thus demonstrate peaceful intentions to reduce the opponentʹs own defensive hostilities. |
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Term
| What is meant by proximate and ultimate explanations for social behavior? |
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Definition
| Proximate: a focus on relatively immediate causes. Ultimate: a focus on background or historical causes. |
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Term
| Briefly describe the sociocultural approach to social psychology. |
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Definition
| Students should discuss its emphasis on larger social groups and the differences between and among them, and on the role of fads and norms in guiding behavior. |
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Term
| Briefly describe the evolutionary approach to social psychology. |
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Definition
| Students should discuss the relative focus on universals across cultures and on genetic/biological explanations for behavior that are rooted in evolutionary history |
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Term
| Provide examples of possible proximate and ultimate explanations for maleʹs desire to gain and maintain status. |
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Definition
| Students should focus on evolutionary explanations, on the one hand, and a more proximate explanation, on the other. illustrations of each should be provided. |
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Term
| Briefly describe the two basic principles of social behavior. |
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Definition
| The principles are that social behavior is goal oriented and that it is a product of the interaction between the person and the environment. |
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Term
| Name and describe two of the five basic motives, as identified in the textbook. |
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Definition
| Students should discuss two of these: establish social ties; understand ourselves and others; gain and maintain status; to defend ourselves and those we value; to attract and retain mates. |
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Term
| What is meant by an interaction between a person and the situation? Name and provide examples of two types of interactions. |
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Definition
| Interaction types include: different persons respond differently to the same situation; situations choose people; people choose situations; situations change people; people change situations; different situations prime different aspects of the same person. |
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Term
| What is a confound and why is it a problem for researchers? |
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Definition
| A confound is a variable that changes systematically with the independent variable and may produce a mistaken conclusion that the independent variable caused the effect of interest. |
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Term
| What is triangulation in research? |
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Definition
| This is a technique that examines the same problem using more than one methodological approach, each having its unique biases. |
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Term
| What was the purpose of the Focus on Social Dysfunction section on J. Edgar Hoover? |
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Definition
| The primary purpose was to show that seemingly abnormal behavior may not be all that different from seemingly normal behavior. Instead, it may simply be an exaggeration of normal behavior. |
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