Term
Shotland & Straw (1976)
define the theory outlines by this research team ? |
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Definition
Hypothesis:
– The type of relationship between people
affects helping
• Independent Variable
• woman knew the man or did not
• Dependent Variable |
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Term
Helping & Time Pressures
• Darley & Batson (1973)
Define the theory oulines by these researchers |
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Definition
Hypothesis:
– Helping is less if the cost of helping is high
– people in a hurry are less likely to help
• Independent Variable
– Ss told they’re running late, or on time
• Dependent Variable: % helping |
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Term
| What is the Piliavin Intervention model ? |
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Definition
Piliavin & Piliavin (1972)
• Hypothesis:
– The victim must be deserving
– apparent cause of other’s distress affects
helping
• Independent Variable
• victim either looked ill, or drunk
• Dependent Variable
• % helping (see graph) |
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Term
| A Model of the Intervention Process Define |
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Definition
An intervener must make a series of decisions. First, he must notice the event and then interpret it as an emergency. Then he must decide if he has responsibility to act, and if so what form of assistance he should use. Should he help directly or call the police? Then he must decide how to act and implement his choice.
Of course, in a real emergency a person isn't so rational as this. Also, his decisions affect himself as much as the victim. The bystander can only gain with pride and a hero's status -- but he risks being a failure, getting sued, or even attacked or wounded himself. |
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Term
| What is the bystander effect:? |
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Definition
This is when people have stood by and observed and individual suffering harm while doing nothing to help. - people witness an emergency but inhibited by the presence of others, stand by passively doing nothing . ( page 255 )
What are some factors which effect the bystander effect?
Social facilitation: where the presence of others facilitates simple or well-learned tasks but interferes with complex or novel tasks. The helping response to an emergency is generally both complex and novel.
( 257pg) |
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Term
| Characteristics of Emergencies |
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Definition
| First, there are few positive rewards in an emergency. Life is threatened for the victims and the helpers. Second, it's an unusual event so reactions are untrained and unrehearsed. Emergencies come without warning with no practiced responses to fall back on. Yet it requires instant action. It puts the potential helper in a lot of stress. |
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Term
| What is the bystander effect:? |
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Definition
| This is when people have stood by and observed and individual suffering harm while doing nothing to help. - people witness an emergency but inhibited by the presence of others, stand by passively doing nothing . ( page 255 ) |
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Term
What is Volunteerism:
According to Omato and Snyder : the volunteerism model ; |
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Definition
it is dispositional factors such as personal motives, social needs and current circumstances that influence the initial decision factors to volunteer
Whether a person continues to volunteer depends on if they develop a positive experience of the experience. |
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Term
| GENDER DIFFERENCES IN PROSOCIAL BEHAVIOR:Please define and explain - |
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Definition
Woman appear to be more likely o help someone who is highly dependable while men are more likely to help those who are not so dependant
Males and females are subject to different social norms regarding helping : men are expected both to rescue others who are in difficulty and to demonstrate courage - woman on the other hand are expected to help through caring and nurturing other people, especially those with in a close relationship
Overall the research suggests that men help more often than woman do |
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Term
| Initial attraction are influenced by |
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Definition
propinquity
physical attraction
physical attractiveness
reinforcements |
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Term
| Intimacy and close relationships depends on: |
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Definition
Interpersonal attachment
Nonverbal intimacy
self-disclosure
equity |
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Term
| Catharsis - what is this ? |
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Definition
| Instincts theories of aggression assumed the build-up of energy , held in check by various inhibiting factors but which eventually must be discharged through aggression - this discharge is called catharsis. |
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Term
| What are the causes of aggression according to Sigmund Freud. |
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Definition
| Freud believed that all behavior is driven by two basic instincts ? - the life instinct, Eros, and the death instinct Thana toes - The idea is that Thanatoes works towards returning the organism to it’s original inanimate object, however is blocked by Eros- When it become blocked is displaces some of the aggressive energy. |
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Term
| What is instrumental aggression and what is Hostile aggression ? |
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Definition
| Instrumental aggression is a premeditated means to some desired end, where as hostile aggression is motivated by anger and which appears to have as it’s end the infliction of harm upon someone else. |
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Term
| Causes of aggression can be seen inthe following formate : |
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Definition
Instinct or drive
Psychological influences
Social developmental in fluencies
Personal variables
Cultural; influences
Availability of firearms
Aggression, gender and relationships |
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Term
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Definition
On the international level, how can the buildup of both armament and hostility be reduced ?
When one side advises another side that they will be taking steps to reduce tension and eventually reversal of the arms race - the other side then is asked to do the same - One aside make a show of there intent in a public reduction - then other side E.I asked to do the same - If the one side uses this to there advantage and attacks the other side then the approach is abandoned - This is called GRIT :
Which stands for Gradual Reciprocated Initiative in tension Reduction |
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Term
| What is a collective Dilemmas? |
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Definition
A collective dilemma is an expanded form of the Prisoner Dilemma, it involves many participants, more closely reflects man real-life conflict situations and occurs whenever they individually rational actions of a number of interaction parties produce ab outcome that is collectively undesirable.
In other words, people must decide whether to behave selfishly ( max there own outcomes) or cooperatively ( max their group outcomes ) If every one acts selfishly, then everyone will be worse off -
Collective Dilemmas are also referred to as social dilemmas - i.e. population growth and resource depletion. |
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Term
| Dangerous games- what is this |
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Definition
When if neither side back down, both may suffer catastrophic loss
There are two important characteristics -
1) it is non-negotiable - there can be only one winner and the other a looser
2) The dangerous aspect is that the goal-directed behavior and the threat behavior are identical, the closer a person get to the goal, the greater the likelihood of attaining it and the greater the probability of a mutual loss |
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Term
| What is the Non-zero-sum game. |
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Definition
| This is also called the Mixed-motive games -because more than pure competition is involved, as well as competition there is also a motive to cooperate to a degree - |
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Term
| What is the Social exchange theory ? |
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Definition
It grew out of the philosophy of utilitarianism
According to this point of view, all social interaction can be viewed as a kind of economic interaction in which an individual or group obtain certain rewards , but only at certain costs
An individual assesses the richness of the outcome in a given exchange situation noy soles in terms of rewards minus cost, but also in comparison with two other standards
1) the first stand is the comparison level (CL )
I.e.: wife might compare the outcome of her marriage with the outcome of the marriages that surround her. The CL is used to decide whether the person is receiving what he or she diservies
2) the second is the comparison level for alternatives ( Calalt)
I.e.: Is used to decide if staying in the relationship is the right thing to to
I.e.: if example is leaving a marriage will cause great financial hardship then staying might be better |
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Term
| What are the types of conflict ? |
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Definition
Veridical Conflict
Here an object conflicts exists and us accurately perceived. For example, both husband and wife want to sue the spare bedroom- he uses for an office, she for a darkroom.
Contingent Conflict
In such conflict, the conflict is contingent upon the failure to recognize that there are other resources available so that both parties could be satisfied -
Displaced conflict
Here the overt dispute us not about the real underlying issue. For example, a couple with sexual problems may be embarrassed about admitting their concerns and argue instead over converting the spare room - Since the actual issue
Misattributed conflict
The two parties strongly blame each other for their difficulties. For example: during a period of financial hardship both the students and the professors are disgruntle, the student fell that more time needs to be spent with them individually, while the professors feel the students are too demanding - both have a common grudge against the government for the cutbacks.
Latent Conflict
In this case , there is a conflict in the sense that the two parties have imputable goals the they are not yet aware of this incompatibility or one party is for the moment unwilling or unable to pursue goal satisfaction. Latent conflicts often involve a dominant -subordinate relationship. |
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Term
| What does research tell us about the characteristics that make threats effective? |
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Definition
| Threats must be creditable - for them to be creditable they must have the following three factors - past records - If the party making the promise or threat has in the past failed to carry out the creditability will be low - They must have Reasonableness - the treat or promise must be within the real of reason - the promise by a parent to a child that he will never have to go to school if he cleans his room appears to be false, and not credible. - A threat or promise must have a contingency - there must be some reason too believe the promise or threat. |
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Term
| The belief that nuclear war can be deferrer if each side can destroy the other regardless of who attacks first is known as __________. |
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Definition
| Mutually Assured Destruction ( MAD) |
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Term
| Two models used to describe the arms race are the _________ an the __________. |
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Definition
| Deterrence schema; conflict spiral schema |
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Term
| Many of the stereotypes about males and females pertain to the _________________ of the two sexes |
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Definition
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Term
| Those identification as having a (n) _____________ incorporate prejudice into a personality pattern. |
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Definition
| Authoritarian personality |
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Term
| Intergroup anxiety often is based on expectations of negative or _______ consequences fo rthe self. |
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Definition
| Psychological; behavioral |
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Term
| Intergroup anxiety often is based on expectations of negative or _______ consequences fo rthe self. |
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Definition
| Psychological; behavioral |
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Term
| __________ isa term used to suggest that, even though public expression of predudice are inhibited, underlying predudice and disgused froms of discrimination still exist |
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Definition
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Term
| Intergroup contact leads to reduced prejudice when members of each group are of ____________ status or the __________ group is of higher status. |
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Definition
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Term
| When members of a minority group are blamed for social or economic ills of society, that group has been made a _________, |
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Definition
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Term
| The ___________ Personality is usually highly prejudice and ethnocentric. |
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Definition
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Term
| Prejudice is acquired through processes of __________, __________, and _____________. |
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Definition
| Classical conditioning ; instrumental conditioning; modeling |
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Term
| __________ is also called “ modern Racisum” |
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Definition
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Term
| The __________ hypothesis states that positive feelings towards other groups are related to feelings of security in one’s owns cultural identity. |
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Definition
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Term
| When discrimination is supported by laws or others regulations or practices in society, it is _____________________discrimination. |
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Definition
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Term
| The behavioral component of prejudice is called__________________. |
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Definition
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Term
| When the association between charateristics or events is overestimated the term ______________ is used. |
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Definition
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Term
| __________________Is the argument that stereotypes must to some extent be true |
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Definition
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Term
| ___________________ is the belief that one’s own ethnic or cultural group is superior. |
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Definition
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Term
| While sterotypes often are not accurate, they may have a degree of validity because of the __________________. |
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Definition
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Term
| Duttons’ experiment, in which certain minoroties were permitted to violate formal dress requirements in resturant, demonstrates the phenomenon of ____________. |
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Definition
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Term
| Studies show that the beliefs and stereotypes of a prejudice person _____________; while the beliefs and stereotypes of a tolerant person__________. |
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Definition
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Term
| The cognitive comonent of prejudice consists of _______________. |
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Definition
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Term
| Prejudice is a (n) ______________ with cognitive, affective and behavioral components. |
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Definition
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Term
| Leaders with exceptional qualities and who attract large numbers of committed followers are described as _________________________. |
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Definition
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Term
| Fiedlers contingency model concerns the ______________ of leadership. |
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Definition
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Term
| The experiment in which subjects were assigned the roles of : manager and “co-worker”, showed the effects of __________ on how people evaluated the efforts of others. |
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Definition
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Term
| If the power of a political leader stems from the members’ identification with the party, this power is called __________________. |
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Definition
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Term
| Subjects exposed to information attributed either to in-group members or to others demonstrated the applicability of the ____________ explanation of group polarization. |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Game theory deals with two or more interdependent parties who, according to rules make decisions that affect each other. There are two basic types of games, zero-sum and non-zero-sum ( or mixed motive) games. |
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Term
| how are predistosition variables overridden by structual variables when the issue of conflict is reviewed. |
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Definition
| Predisposition variables such as culture, age, gender, personality and beliefs about each other can have some effect on conflict behavior, but these effects are often overridden by structural variables such as the possibility of communication. Communication, which clarifies the intentions of either side can sometimes reduce conflict. |
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Term
| What is the neo-association model ( p 305) |
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Definition
| Most people know that when they are in pain or distress, they are more irritable and perhaps more likely to act out - taking this into account - Berowitz revised the frustration-aggression hypothesis through his “ cognitive neo-association model “ ( which simply means a new - neo- form of an association model based on associations between two stimuli that draws heavily on cognitive theory) Rather than starting with frustration, his model begins with an aversive stimulus. |
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Term
| Prejudice is a (n) ______________ with cognitive, affective and behavioral components. |
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Definition
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Term
| The cognitive comonent of prejudice consists of _______________. |
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Definition
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Term
| Studies show that the beliefs and stereotypes of a prejudice person _____________; while the beliefs and stereotypes of a tolerant person__________. |
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Definition
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Term
| Duttons’ experiment, in which certain minoroties were permitted to violate formal dress requirements in resturant, demonstrates the phenomenon of ____________. |
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Definition
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Term
| While sterotypes often are not accurate, they may have a degree of validity because of the __________________. |
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Definition
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Term
| The behavioral component of prejudice is called__________________. |
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Definition
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Term
| Please explain the three major rules of distributive Justice ? |
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Definition
Equity: equity theory is related to the theory of cognitive dissonance, in the sense that fairness can be restored by changing behavior or by changing perceptions. It props that a relationship between parties is a just one when the ratio of perceived outcomes to perceived inputs ( asses and liabilities that ;leas to a deserved outcome) are equal.
Equality Sometimes resources are distributed equally rather than equitably , even through the participants have not made equal contributions - when group stability is important it may be disruptive to allocate outcomes differently to group members - research shows graph females prefer equality while males prefer equity.
Need - those who need the most should get the most - need is closely related with the social responsibility and not surprising , affects such activities as charitable donations - “ you perceive a need so your since of social responsibility motivates you too respond to that need. |
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Term
| What is distributive justice? |
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Definition
| the conditions under which the allocation of resource or the outcome of and event would be judged as just or unjust. ( 448) |
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Term
| What is procedural justice ? |
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Definition
| The process of arriving art a decision - in other words social psychologist are concerned with both what has been decided and how it has been decided . |
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Term
| What are the difference between Estimator and system variables |
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Definition
What are the difference between Estimator and system variables
Estimator variables refer to characteristics of the witness , the events and how the testimony is presented Estimators variables are beyond the control of the system, such as the seriousness and complexity of the criminal event, the amount of time the witness had to witness the criminal event., the race, sex and age and physical attractiveness of the defendant.
- where as system variables are factors under the control of the justice system; the interval between the event and the testimony, the biasing effect of the mug shot identification, the structure of the lineup and the types of questions asked. |
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Term
| What are some of the changes on the line-up which have increased the accuracy ? |
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Definition
The line up must be large enough that picking the wrong person by chance is a low probability.
A line up of non-suspects could be used to eliminate the witness that seem prone to picking the wrong suspects “ blank-line-up” |
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Term
| Attribution Theory and crowding ? |
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Definition
Attribution Theory and crowding ?
Independent of cultural background - a model has been developed - It postulates that people feel crowded when they have been aroused by circumstances such as violations of personal space or others stressors and the attribute this arousal to the density of people around then. Thus crowding will not result if people do not feel aroused or if they do not attribute their arousal to violations of their personal space. |
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Term
| What is the density-intensity hypothec>? |
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Definition
What is the density-intensity hypothec>?
This is the observation that high-density situations tend to be either extremely unpleasant or quite pleasant and excite - high density appears to magnify our reactions to satiations in the same way that turning up the volume of the stereo, within limits magnifies our reactions to the music . |
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Term
| What is the sensory overload theory of grouping ? |
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Definition
What is the sensory overload theory of grouping ?
People are exposed to mush stimulation, se\sensory inputs are received too quickly to be processed properly. Crowding involves too much actual or potential interactions, too much physical proximity and too many people dong to must to may attention to - people act to sensory overload by screening out mug of the stimuli, paying attention only to what appears to be important, or unusual. ? |
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Term
| what are the advantages of Non-experimental Research ? what does it involve and what are several examples of this type of research ? |
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Definition
| Non-expeimental research involves studing the covariation amoung several charateristics or varialbes. Examples of non experimental researc are : case studies, survey or interviews, field studies; qualitative research |
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Term
| what are the advantages of research and whar are some examples of research methods |
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Definition
| In experimental research, research participants are assigned randomly to experimental and control groups - so that we assume the groups are identiacal before the experiment. An independent variables is manipulated so that it's effect can be observed by comparison between the two groups. Other confounding variables that may influence results are controlled Examples of research 1) laboratory experiments 2) field experiments 3) and quasi-experiments |
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Term
| The ways in which people view themselves are derived primarily from what ? rather than private introspection |
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Definition
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Term
| What is Social comparison theory ? |
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Definition
| explains how we often evaluate ourselves, our beliefs and our actions. |
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Term
| What is the Theory of Cognitive Dissonance/ |
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Definition
| this theory explains how er deal with situations in which there is inconsistence between our beliefs and our actions |
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Term
| What si the Archival approach ? |
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Definition
| This is using data already collected and tabulated for some other purpose by someone elses is referred to as the " Achival approach " |
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Term
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Definition
| It is an indeepth investigation and analysis of a single instance of a phenomenon of interest |
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Term
| What is the Theory of Correspondent inference ? |
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Definition
Concerns how we use certain clues to infer the cause of an action - Can we infer what a person intends on doing by looking at their actions.
1) FOCUS ON FREELY CHOOSEN BAHVIOUR AND IGNOR THOSE THAT ARE REQUIRED
2)BEHAVIOURS THAT PRODUCE UNCOMMON EFFECTS - THOSE THAT SEEM UNIQUE OR OUT OF SORTS - ARE NOTICE
3) SOCIAL DESIRABLE - WE FOCUS ON WHAT IS UNIQUE AND NOT COMMON IN THE CHOICE
4) NO LOGICAL BIAS - HAS STRONG CONSEQUENCES ( HEDONIC RELIVANCE)
5) ACTION WAS INTENDED TO BENFIT OR HARN THEM ( PERSONALISM) |
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