Co-actors

Co-participants working individually on a noncompetitive activity

Social facilitation

(1) Original meaning—the tendency of people to perform simple or well-learned tasks better when others are present. (2) Current meaning—the strengthening of dominant (prevalent, likely) responses in the presenese of others.

Evaluation apprehension

Concern for how others are evaluating us.

1. Norman Triplett's early laboratory experiments on how the presence of others affects performance involved  

A)        college students solving math problems.

  B)        young adults learning nonsense syllables.     C)        children winding string on a fishing reel. D)        ants excavating sand.

2. The strengthening of dominant responses due to the presence of others defines

      A)        group enhancement.

B)        social diffusion.

C)        social cohesion.

   D)        social facilitation.

3. Which of the following is true?

A)        people's color preferences are stronger when they make judgments with others present.

            B)        ants excavate more sand in the presence of other ants.

C)        in the presence of others, students take less time to learn a simple maze and more time to learn one that is complex.         

            D)        all of the above are true.

4. Early experiments found that the presence of others improved people's efficiency at   

            A)        learning nonsense syllables.

            B)        crossing out designated letters.

            C)        performing complex multiplication problems.

            D)        all of the above.

5. James Michaels and his colleagues found that in the presence of observers,

            A)        good pool players shot better and poor pool players shot worse.

            B)        students playing checkers and chess played worse.       

            C)        good pool players shot worse and poor pool players shot better.          

D)        students playing checkers played better and students playing chess played worse.

6. Research indicates that being in a crowd ____________ positive reactions and ___________ negative reactions.

            A)        weakens; weakens

            B)        weakens; intensifies

            C)        intensifies; weakens

            D)        intensifies; intensifies

7. In a study of university students in India, researchers found that crowding hampered performance only on _______________ tasks.

            A)        verbal

            B)        motor

            C)        complex

            D)        simple

8. Research indicates that people perform best when their coactor is

            A)        not watching them.

            B)        slightly superior.

            C)        of the opposite sex.

            D)        highly competitive.

9. The presence of others would be most likely to improve performance on

            A)        raking up leaves.

            B)        solving crossword puzzles.

            C)        learning foreign language words.

            D)        solving complex mathematical puzzles.

10. The presence of others would be LEAST likely to improve performance in

            A)        weightlifting.

            B)        playing chess.

            C)        running.

            D)        the broad jump.

11. Which of the following would be considered coactors?

            A)        four people doing push-ups in an exercise class

            B)        two people playing bridge

            C)        eight competitors running a 5-kilometer race

            D)        all of these

12. In a crowded lecture hall, students are likely to have problems

            A)        staying awake.

            B)        noticing when others are laughing or clapping.

            C)        completing easy questionnaires about themselves.

            D)        taking a difficult exam.

13. Lorenzo is trying to assign a venue to each of the bands playing at the fair. If he expects about 150 fans for a new local band, everybody is most likely to enjoy the show if he assigns the band to a stage area with space for about __________ people.

            A)        100     

            B)        500

            C)        200     

            D)        100

14. The runners in a long road race kept a steady pace as they passed by a group of people fishing on the bank of the river, but they all tended to speed up as they passed under a bridge lined with cheering spectators. Research suggests that the runners sped up when they thought people were watching them because they experienced

            A)        the hindsight bias.

            B)        the self-serving bias.

            C)        evaluation apprehension.

            D)        the fundamental attribution error.

15. Mandy isn't feeling much like doing her usual weightlifting workout today. According to research on social facilitation, she will feel most energized during her workout if she

            A)        does it at home alone in her basement.

            B)        goes to the gym where there will be several others lifting weights.

            C)        skips it today and waits until tomorrow.

            D)        tries to teach her weight routine to someone who is new to weightlifting.

1. Research findings in social psychology on tug-of-war teams most clearly challenges the common notion that

            A)        there is unity in strength.

            B)        too many cooks spoil the broth.

            C)        to win one should divide and conquer.

            D)        familiarity breeds contempt.

2. People who benefit from the group but give little in return are referred to in social psychology as

            A)        loafing groupies.

            B)        social misfits.

            C)        slacking collectives.

            D)        free riders.

3. Social facilitation and social loafing have been explained in terms of a difference in

            A)        evaluation concern.

            B)        informational influence.

            C)        cognitive dissonance.

            D)        group polarization.

4. The performance of additive tasks is likely to lead to

            A)        social facilitation.

            B)        social comparison.

            C)        social loafing.

            D)        the risky shift.

5. Poor coordination of individual efforts has been offered as an explanation for

            A)        deindividuation.

            B)        social loafing.

            C)        social facilitation.

            D)        group polarization.

6. Which of the following is false?

            A)        groups of friends loaf less than groups of strangers.

            B)        Israel's communal kibbutz farms have outproduced Israel's noncollective farms.

C)        research completed in Japan, Thailand, and India indicates that social loafing does not occur in less individualistic, more group-centered cultures.

D)        students pumped exercise bikes more energetically when they knew they were being individually monitored than when they thought their output was being pooled with that of other riders.

7. Experiments show that people in groups loaf less when

            A)        the task is routine.

            B)        they are in an unfamiliar setting.

            C)        they have a strong sense of external control.

            D)        the task is challenging.

8. Social loafing would be least likely to occur

            A)        in a boys' club trying to raise money by holding a Saturday car wash.

            B)        in a relay race where each team member's performance is timed.

C)        in a community garden where each family is expected to contribute whatever free time they have.

            D)        in a work crew building a new highway.

9. Ms. Jones is a teacher who wants her students all to work hard on their group projects. She should   

A)        give everyone in each group the same grade, based on the final work submitted by the group.

            B)        assign projects that allow her to evaluate individual member's contributions.      

            C)        have members switch groups partway through the project.        

            D)        do all of these.

10. People who listen to the local public radio station, but do not contribute money to the radio station are

            A)        committing the fundamental contribution error.

            B)        suffering evaluation apprehension.

            C)        media literate.

            D)        free riders.

11. Increasing evaluation apprehension leads to

            A)        increased contribution of individuals to the group.

            B)        decreased social loafing.          

            C)        more social facilitation.

            D)        all of these.

12. Which of the following groups is MOST likely to have social loafing?

            A)        the uniformed janitors who clean the stadium during basketball games

B)        a team of new graduate students working on a challenging research problem with colleagues they'll be with for the next five years

            C)        a jazz quartet where each member has a solo in every song

            D)        a relay race where each team member's performance is timed

Deindividuation

Loss of self-awareness and evaluation apprehension; occurs in group situations that foster responsiveness to group norms, good or bad.

Social loafing

The tendency for people to exert less effort when they pool their efforts toward a common goal than when they are individually accountable.

Free riders

People who benefit from the group but give little in return

1. Circumstances that diminish ______________ increase ______________.

            A)        anonymity; deindividuation

            B)        self-awareness; deindividuation

            C)        deindividuation; aggression

            D)        evaluation apprehension; self-awareness

2. The experience of being anonymous has been related to

            A)        increases in aggression.

            B)        increases in stealing.

            C)        decreases in aggression.

            D)        all of these.

3. The research on deindividuation shows that a group experience which diminishes people's self-consciousness also tends to

            A)        decrease their emotional arousal.

            B)        disconnect their behavior from their values.

            C)        increase their feelings of self-esteem.

            D)        increase their sensitivity to moral rules.

4. Laboratory research suggests that wearing uniforms can produce

            A)        the overconfidence phenomenon.

            B)        false consensus.

            C)        aggression.

            D)        evaluation apprehension.

5. People who are made self-aware also

            A)        have a stronger sense of interdependence with others.

            B)        have a lower sense of self-esteem.

            C)        are less likely to cheat.

            D)        are more likely to feel depressed.

6. Robert Watson found that cultures with depersonalized warriors were also

            A)        high in the self-monitoring tendency.

            B)        less ethnocentric and more tolerant of other cultures.

            C)        brutal to the enemy.

            D)        altruistic.

7. Philip Zimbardo reported that the size of the city made a difference in

            A)        the stripping of an abandoned car.

            B)        what people gave as Halloween treats.

            C)        crowd reactions to threatened suicides.

            D)        the kind of movies that were shown in theaters.

8. Ed Diener found that children who were trick-or-treating stole more candy if they

            A)        were in groups than if they were alone.

            B)        wore costumes of devils instead of costumes of angels.

            C)        were accompanied by adults than if they were alone.

            D)        were in large cities than if they were in small towns.

9.  The opposite of deindividuation is

            A)        self-efficacy.

            B)        collectivism.

            C)        social facilitation.

            D)        self-awareness.

10. The anonymity of the Internet may encourage

            A)        social facilitation.

            B)        distraction.

            C)        stealing.

            D)        physical arousal.

11. People are made more self-aware by

            A)        standing in front of a mirror.

            B)        being filmed by a TV camera.

            C)        wearing large name tags.

            D)        all of these.

12. Alcohol consumption decreases

            A)        deindividuation.

            B)        self-awareness.

            C)        self-serving biases.

            D)        hindsight biases.

13. According to research on deindividuation of the following groups is at greatest risk of into a looting mob?

            A)        hockey fans with their faces painted in the team colors

            B)        convention attendees wearing large name tags

            C)        children appearing as guests on a children's television show

            D)        shoppers in a mirror-filled clothing store

Group polarization       

Group-produced enhancement of members’ preexisting tendencies; a strengthening of the members’ average tendency, not a split within the group.

Social comparison

Evaluating one’s opinions and abilities by comparing oneself to others.

Groupthink

“The mode of thinking that persons engage in when concurrence-seeking becomes so dominant in a cohesive in-group that it tends to override realistic appraisal of alternative courses of action” (Irving Janis [1971]).

1. The term "risky shift" was used to refer to the finding of

            A)        groups being riskier than individuals.

            B)        individuals being riskier than groups.

            C)        males being riskier than females

            D)        people becoming less risky as they grow older.

2. Studies of the risky shift eventually led to formulation of

A) social comparison theory.

B) the group polarization hypothesis.

C) the social-facilitation effect.

D) the social-loafing hypothesis.

3. Group polarization is most likely to occur in a group

A) of like-minded people.

B) of unintelligent people.

C) of persons with differing value systems.

D) discussing political issues.

4. Myers and Bishop set up groups of relatively prejudiced and unprejudiced high school students and asked them to respond both before and after discussion to issues involving racial attitude. Results indicated that after discussion

5. According to the text, which of the following provides the best supported explanation for group polarization?

A) social comparison theory

B) informational influence

C) diffusion of responsibility

D) cognitive dissonance theory

6. According to Janis, which of the following was the product of groupthink?

A) the Truman administration's formulation of the Marshall Plan after World War II

B) the Truman administration's decision to drop the atomic bomb on Hiroshima

C) the Johnson administration's decision to escalate the Vietnam War

D) the Nixon administration's decision to freeze prices

7. An analysis of terrorist organizations around the world suggests that the extremist activities of these groups may be understood in terms of the process of

A) social loafing.

B) social facilitation.

C) minority influence.

D) group polarization.

8. A directive leader is a contributing cause of

A) deindividuation.

B) group polarization.

C) groupthink.

D) the risky shift.

9. Which of the following is not a symptom of groupthink?

A) unquestioned belief in the group's morality

B) rationalization

C) conformity pressure

D) social loafing

10. Groupthink occurs when group members desire

A) control.

B) harmony.

C) power.

D) freedom.

11. Individuals who tend to favor stiff penalties for drunk drivers come together to discuss various ways of dealing with the problem of intoxicated drivers. The group polarization hypothesis predicts that after group discussion,

A) the individuals will favor even more severe penalties for drunk drivers.

B) the individuals will tend to become more tolerant of drunk drivers.

C) the individuals will be divided into two opposing groups as to the best way to deal with drunk drivers.

D) the individuals will favor a rehabilitation program rather than a jail sentence for drunk drivers.

12. Which of the following is a comment you are least likely to hear made within a group characterized by groupthink?

A) "Our critics are not very smart."

B) "Our past decisions have always been right."

C) "Let's make the decision and get out of here. I've got more important things to do."

D) "It seems to me we are all in agreement on this, so let's proceed."

13. Evaluating one's opinions and abilities by comparing oneself to others is referred to as

A) informational influence.

B) social comparison.

C) evaluative anxiety.

D) normative influence.

14. Group polarization effects have been found among

A) college students.

B) delinquent gang members.

C) peace activists on the Internet.

D) all of these.

15. Group polarization refers to

A) a division within a group caused by two divergent points of view.

B) a desire for cohesiveness that leads a group to a very poor decision.

C) group-produced enhancement of members' preexisting tendencies.

D) a loss of self-awareness and self-control in group situations that foster anonymity.

Reactance

A motive to protect or restore one’s sense of freedom. This arises when someone threatens our freedom of action

Leadership

The process by which certain group members motivate and guide the group.

1. Which of the following terms best describes the relationship between persons and situations?

A) indeterminate

B) interactive

C) competing

D) biocultural

2. Which of the following is true of the relationship between persons and situations?

A) A given situation affects different people differently.

B) People choose many of their situations.

C) People help create the situations that affect them.

D) All of these are true.

3. Psychological reactance theory provides an explanation for

A) resistance to authority.

B) obedience to authority.

C) the effectiveness of task leadership.

D) the persuasiveness of minorities.

4. Leaders who are effective in building teamwork, mediating conflicts, and offering support are referred to as _____________ leaders.

A) task

B) domineering

C) social

D) authoritarian

5. The motive to protect or restore one's sense of freedom is referred to as

A) self-assertion.

B) reactance.

C) self-actualization.

D) cybernetics.

6. People tend to be most self-conscious about

A) ways that they are different from others.

B) ways that they are the same as others.

C) factors that help them different other people from one another.

D) the degree of task leadership they assert.

7. Studies of people's spontaneous self-concepts indicate that

A) they see themselves as better than average.

B) they react to blatant social pressure.

C) females define themselves in terms of their similarities while males define themselves in terms of their differences.

D) people value their uniqueness.

8. Moscovici and his associates found that if a minority of a group judges blue slides to be green,

A) it has no effect on the judgments of the majority.

B) they react to blatant social pressure.

C) females define themselves in terms of their similarities while males define themselves in terms of their differences.

D) people value their uniqueness.

9. Research indicates that someone who holds a minority opinion is most persuasive to the majority when he or she

A) wavers about the opinion.

B) has defected from the majority.

C) tends to be introverted.

D) appears impatient.

10. Studies in India, Taiwan, and Iran found that the most effective supervisors in coal mines, banks, and government offices scored ________ on task leadership and ________ on social leadership.

A) high; high

B) high; low

C) low; high

D) low; low

11. Tom, a successful foreman in a large furniture factory, emphasizes the attainment of production goals and sets high standards for the workers under him. Tom's style is an example of ____________ leadership.

A) normative

B) task

C) autocratic

D) Type A

12. Milly generally likes to go home to visit her family during vacation. However, after her father tells her she must be home during spring vacation, Milly decides to remain at college. We can probably best understand Milly's behavior in terms of

A) reaction formation.

B) regression.

C) psychological reactance.

D) self-serving bias.

13. John has red hair, has two brothers, one sister, and was born in Chicago. Both his parents were born in this country and are lawyers. If you ask John to "tell us about yourself," he is most likely to mention that

A) he has two brothers.

B) he has red hair.

C) his father has a college education.

D) he was born in this country.

14. Researchers who found that 25 percent of legal-age students, but only 19 percent of underage students abstained from alcohol, explained this difference in terms of

A) minority influence.

B) task leadership.

C) pursuit of uniqueness.

D) reactance.

15. One experimenter reported that when people heard others express attitudes identical to their own they

A) showed a significant increase in self-esteem.

B) suspected the experiment had been rigged.

C) altered their own positions to maintain their sense of uniqueness.

D) demonstrated stronger task leadership in a group activity.

Prejudice

A negative prejudgment of a group and its individual members

Stereotype

A belief about the personal attributes of a group of people. These are sometimes over generalized, inaccurate, and resistant to new information.

Discrimination

Unjustifiable negative behavior toward a group or its members

Racism

(1) an individual’s prejudicial attitudes and discriminatory behavior toward people of a given race or (2) institutional practices (even if not motivated by prejudice) that subordinate people of a given race.

Sexism

(1) An individual’s prejudicial attitude3s and discriminatory behavior toward people of a given sex or (2) institutional practices (even if not motivated by prejudice) that subordinate people of a given sex.

1. Prejudice is a negative ___________________________ while discrimination is negative ___________________________.

A) belief; feeling

B) generalization; belief

C) attitude; behavior

D) stereotype; attitude

2. The dual attitude system refers to the ability of people to

A) practice both sexism and racism.

B) be prejudiced but not discriminatory.

C) attribute their behavior to situations, but others' to traits.

D) hold different conscious and unconscious beliefs.

3. Racism is defined as

A) institutional practices that discriminate even when there is no prejudicial intent.

B) institutional practices that discriminate but only if there is prejudicial intent.

C) only referring to individuals' prejudicial attitudes.

D) only referring to individuals' discriminatory behavior.

4. Survey research on racial prejudice indicates that levels of racial prejudice have

A) increased in the last 10 years.

B) increased from the 1950s to 1970s but decreased since then.

C) plummeted since the 1940s.

D) remained unchanged since 1952.

5. Studies of the attitudes of African-Americans indicate that

A) African-American children still prefer to play with White dolls.

B) Black adults view Blacks and Whites as similar in such traits as intelligence, laziness, and dependability.

C) more Blacks show intolerance of Whites than Whites show intolerance of Blacks.

D) Black professionals prefer to live in all-white neighborhoods.

6. Which of the following is true about gender stereotypes?

A) Strong gender stereotypes continue to exist.

B) Prejudice against women has increased sharply in the last 15 years.

C) Racial stereotypes are stronger than gender stereotypes.

D) Stereotypes are the same as prejudices.

7. Most Americans agree that

A) the activities of married women are best confined to the home and family.

B) they would see a homosexual doctor.

C) the two sexes are equally emotional.

D) they would vote for a qualified woman whom their party nominated for president.

8. Participants whose stereotypes were "primed" in an experiment were more likely to

A) take longer to identify pleasant words.

B) react hostilely to annoying requests.

C) mistake a tool held by a Black man in a photo for a gun.

D) do all of these.

9. Researchers who used a uniform strategy to negotiate the lowest price on a new car found that _____ were offered the highest, or worst, price.

A) Black females

B) White females

C) Black males

D) White males

10. The stereotype of ___________________ seems to operate unconsciously, for it is held by both men and women, by both feminists and nonfeminists.

A) men as leaders

B) men as shy

C) women as homemakers

D) women as mediators

11. Mr. Watson's belief that Blacks are lazy is an example of __________________________. His refusal to rent an apartment to a Black family is an example of __________________.

A) a stereotype; sexism

B) discrimination; prejudice

C) a stereotype; discrimination

D) racism; prejudice

12. Which of the following would be an example of sexism as the term is defined in the text?

A) A manufacturing firm hires only men as accountants.

B) Mr. Jones believes women lack intelligence and should not be allowed to hold political office; he votes only for males.

C) A hospital refuses to hire males as nurses.

D) All of these are examples of sexism.

13. Which of the following would be an example of racism as the term is defined in your textbook?

A) Mr. Jones' refuses to rent his apartments to Chinese.

B) Mrs. Smith's believes Hispanic people do not make good neighbors.

C) An after-school child care program only admits African American children.

D) All of these are examples of racism.

14. The finding of greatest prejudice in the most intimate social realms seems

A) true of males but not of females.

B) true only in the United States.

C) true only in western cultures.

D) to be universal.

15. Mr. Bunker's attitudes have become more accepting, but harbors some prejudices about the most intimate social realms. He lets anyone ride on the bus he drives for his job, but he is uncomfortable with

A) watching a sports team with several African American players.

B) his daughter dating an African American man.

C) standing in line at the bank behind a Muslim man.

D) seeing an Asian American family at the grocery store.

Stereotype threat

A disruptive concern, when facing a negative stereotype, that one will be evaluated based on a negative stereotype. Unlike self-fulfilling prophecies that hammer one’s reputation into one’s self-concept, these situations have immediate effects.

Social identity

The “we” aspect of our self-concept; the part of our answer to “Who am I?” that comes from our group memberships.

Ingroup

“Us”—a group of people who share a sense of belonging, a feeling of common identity

Outgroup

“Them”—a group that people perceive as distinctively different from or apart from their ingroup.

Ingroup bias

The tendency to favor one’s own group

Realistic group conflict theory

The theory that prejudice arises from competition between groups for scarce resources

Ethnocentric

Believing in the superiority of one’s own ethnic and cultural group, and having a corresponding disdain for all other groups.

Outgroup homogeneity effect

Perception of outgroup members as more similar to one another than are the ingroup members. Thus “they are alike; we are diverse.”

Just-world phenomenon

The tendency of people to believe the world is just and that people therefore get what they deserve and deserve what they get.

1. In the 1950s, racial integration was accepted in Indiana steel mills and West Virginia coal mines. However, in the neighborhoods of those employed in the mills and mines, segregation was practiced. This is an example of how prejudice may be based in

A) authoritarianism.

B) the just world phenomenon.

C) frustration.

D) conformity.

2. The ingroup bias seems to occur more frequently among

A) females than among males.

B) the young than among the old.

C) people from individualistic cultures than among people from communal cultures.

D) Blacks than among Whites.

3. The most recent explanations social psychologists have offered for prejudice emphasize __________________ sources.

A) social

B) cognitive

C) emotional

D) political

4. According to your textbook, increases in lynchings during post Civil War years when cotton prices were low provides evidence for

A) the just world phenomenon.

B) the ultimate attribution error.

C) the scapegoat theory.

D) psychoanalytic theory.

5. Studies by Pettigrew of Whites in South Africa and the American South revealed that during the 1950s

A) prejudice had its basis in competition for housing and jobs.

B) those who were prejudiced had authoritarian personalities.

C) prejudice was based in displaced aggression.

D) those who conformed most to other social norms were also most prejudiced.

6. When college students were led to believe they scored relatively low on a creativity test and then were asked some evaluative questions about their own college or a rival college

A) they gave higher ratings to their own school and lower ratings to the rival school.

B) they gave lower ratings to their own school and higher ratings to the rival school.

C) they gave lower ratings to both schools.

D) they gave higher ratings to both schools.

7. Which of the following is particularly characteristic of the authoritarian personality?

A) being intolerant of weakness.

B) experiencing a happy childhood.

C) occupying a political office with considerable authority.

D) being an only child.

8. In contemporary Russia, those who have tended to support a return to Marxist-Lenin ideology score

A) low in self-esteem.

B) high in authoritarianism.

C) low in intelligence.

D) high in external locus of control.

9. The tendency for individuals to recognize more readily faces of their own racial group than faces of another racial group has been found true among

A) Whites.

B) Blacks.

C) Hispanics.

D) all of these.

10. According to the text, the authoritarian personality is an example of

A) how conformity supports prejudice.

B) a cognitive source of prejudice.

C) how emotional needs contribute to prejudice.

D) how social inequalities breed prejudice.

11. Students were told the actions of 50 men, 10 of whom had performed either nonviolent crimes or violent crimes. When later asked to make judgments about the men,

12. Cookie is a cheerleader and an excellent student in engineering. After seeing a movie that depicts cheerleaders as ditzy and stupid, she gets a C on an important calculus test and begins to question whether she really enjoys studying engineering. Cookie is probably reacting to

A) threats to her social status.

B) realistic competition for scarce resources in the engineering department.

C) the scapegoat phenomenon.

D) stereotype threat.

13. The just world phenomenon may lead us to believe that an unemployed person is

A) a victim of discrimination.

B) lazy.

C) in need of sympathy.

D) in need of a retraining program.

14. John has just failed a chemistry test. He goes back to his apartment and criticizes his roommate's choice of music. What term best describes John's behavior?

A) institutionalized aggression.

B) just world action.

C) displaced aggression.

D) authoritarian regression.

15. The results of one social-psychological study indicated that observers who discovered that a fellow worker had received a large prize as the result of a random drawing subsequently concluded that he had in fact worked especially hard. This is an example of

A) vivid, anecdotal information being more important than base-rate data

B) disguised hostility

C) out-group bias

D) the just world phenomenon

16. The theory that prejudice arises from competition between groups for scarce resources is referred to as

A) realistic group conflict theory.

B) just world theory.

C) the availability heuristic.

D) social dilemma theory.

17. According to the scapegoat theory, prejudice is likely to result from

A) authoritarianism.

B) frustration.

C) conformity.

D) self-fulfilling prophecies.

18. Research indicated that, compared to their interviews of White job applicants, Princeton University White men who interviewed Black job applicants

A) sat further away

B) ended the interview sooner

C) made 50 percent more speech errors

D) demonstrated all of the above

19. The finding that once we assign people to groups we are likely to exaggerate the similarities within the groups and the differences between them is referred to as

A) the just-world phenomenon.

B) Gause's law.

C) the outgroup homogeneity effect.

D) the fundamental attribution error.

20. John Williams and Deborah Best suggest that if women provide most of the care to young children, it is reassuring for most people in society to

A) believe that women deserve equal pay for equal work.

B) think that women are naturally nurturant.

C) accept the stereotype that men are the best providers.

D) think that human aggressiveness is instinctive.

21. An important principle to remember in considering the social sources of prejudice is that _________________ breeds prejudice.

A) unequal status

B) self-esteem

C) equal opportunity

D) affirmative action