Term
| What is Social Psychology ? |
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Definition
| It is the study of how the thoughts, feelings and behaviours of the individual are influences by the actual imagined or implied presence of others |
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Term
| Explain the progression of research through the decades ? |
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Definition
1920's a dominat concern with the measure of stereotypes
1930 group related phenomena - the influence of social norms on perceptions and action
WWII created reserach on topics, politics and combat
1950's interest in attitudes, prejudice and personality
1960's expansion - to present day - study of cognitive |
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Term
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Definition
| an inference of the reason for or cause of a persons's behaviour |
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Term
| Define " in the eye of the beholder and Implicit personality theories ? |
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Definition
| when we are forming impressionabout other people we have our own set of "implict personality theories - that means that we have a set of unstated assumptions about human and the people in general: |
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Term
| what is the covariation principle ? and what is the discounting principle ? |
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Definition
| The discounting principle is when people tend to accept the most likely cause and set aside or discount other ppossibility - for example when a boss over view a worker the boss see's teh hard work as directly related to the close supervison, however the idea that the hard work could be a result of a motivated work is discounted - This is the discounting principle if view attribution. where as the covariation principle of attribution is when two events occur together over a number of instances for example: suppose a person becomes very angry every time a certan topic comes up , butrarely on other oiccations - we would attribute the persons anger to the topic of conversation as apposed to teh temperment of the individual |
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Term
| when peopl view attribution they look at what two angles |
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Definition
situational and dispositional
Situational causes are those that explain actions in terms of the situation - for instance, the behaviour of studnts who take notes during lectures can be explained in terms of the demands or social norms of that situation. Where as dispositional cases are those that rest on the charaterirics of the person - for instance, if the student was taking notes in the car or in the cafiteria we might look at the behaviour as a needed disposition |
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Term
Building on the theories of attribution both discounting and covariation, several attributions theoreis have been developed -Explain the follwoing
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1) The theoy of Correspondent inferences ( Jones and Davis ) |
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Definition
The theory of Correspondent inference ( jones and davis : this theory states that people use certain clues to infer what the person intended fro their actions - It goes on to state that we look for the following things 1) focus on freely choosen behviour
2) Look for behaviour that is deemed uncommon
3) social desirability - These inferences are logica best guesses
There are also to nonlogical baises that arise from our reactions to an event - these are : people tend to make more confidence correspondance inferences attributions when the actionb has a strong consequence for themselves , rater than for someone else (hendonic relevence) and when they beleive that the actor intended to benfit or harm them ( personalisium)
in summary : The theory of correspondent inferences concerns a single act and how we decide whether that act corresponds to a disposition. |
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Term
| What is the Covariation Model : Explain the model and the three sources which should be looked at ? |
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Definition
created by Kelley - argues that people behave a " naive scientistc " in the sence that people sift through an array of events and clues, past and present to arrive at a best guess or hypothesis about the " Real cause" of someone's actions When a Person looks at a behaviour using the Covariatinmodel the follwoing three sorces should be considered -
1) DISTINCTIVE OF ENTITY ;Distinctivnes of the entity : Is the behaviour distinctic or diffrent from past behaviours
2)CONSENSUS ACROSS ACTORS " do most of your interaction behave in the same way
3) CONSISTENCY ACCROSS SITUATIONS: does the person who's behaviour you are view often act in this way ? |
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Term
| Define Social Cognition and Social Scemata ? |
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Definition
Social Cognition : two things to understand : Firstly our information about the world is organized or coded in terms of meaningful categories ( schemata ) secondly, in making decisions and judgments, we often use cognitions shortcuts or " heuristics"
cognitive schemata are a set of interconnected beliefs , information, images and examples about social objects : all that we know about something - for example our schemata about cars might include our knowledge about brands and nodels and perhaps mempries of the car we have been in. Schemata will help us organize and simplify a lot of information that we have recieved, in addition it helps us to interpet new information
There are severa types of scehmata ; 1) Persoina schemata ; refers to the specific people such as a famous star public figure or professior. - also aboutthe type of peopl - " outgoing"
Event schemata - refers to the events - for example we may have an event schemata referring to a group of friends going outto have a good time playing hockey - Event ecemata include mental images of teh arena where the evnt iccurs, whichteam participates and what happens at the games -
Fianlly, we have schemata about social roles - about the roles people have who belongto certain catergories |
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Term
| What is a definiotion of self-concept |
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Definition
| Self concept defines who we are, the body , our believes and feeling and our experiences as well as social identity ; our name, memeberships and varieity of groups abd social roles. |
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Term
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Definition
| Attitudes are associated with specific objects, events or issues whereas, values are global abstracts principle |
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Term
| what are a catalog of basic values which individuals differ? |
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Definition
1) theoritical
2) ecomomic
3) social
4) aestheticaal
5) political
6) religious |
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Term
| define the difference between terminal values and instrumental values" |
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Definition
| Terminal values are preferences for certain and states in life, such as salvation and comfortable life, freedon, inner harmoney and equaklity - whereas instrumental values describe people perferred modes of conduct, such as being ambitious obediant or imaginative |
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Term
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Definition
| values can be defined as trans-situational goals varying inimportance, that serve as guilding princioles inpeople lives |
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Term
| Allport ( 1931) developed a measure for 6 values what are they |
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Definition
| Theoretical, economic, social, aesthetic, political and religious |
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Term
| morris listed 5 general value dimensions - what are they ? |
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Definition
social restraint and self control
enjoyment and progress action;
withdrawal and self sufficiencey
receptivity and sympathictic concern
self indulgence and sensious enjoymeny |
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Term
what are Terminal values ?
waht are instrumental values ? |
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Definition
These are preferences for certain end-states inlife such as salvation, a comfortable life, freedonb, innerharmoney and equality
whereas,
Instrumental values are peoples prefence to a mode of conduct, such as being ambilious, obedent or imaginative |
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Term
| what is value pluralisum? |
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Definition
| when subjects were faced with an issue that invlves competing values called value plurisum |
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Term
| what happens when conflict in values occure ? |
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Definition
| Conflict, like cognitive dssonace creats stress which people will seek to reduce, often by means of a process termed - trade off reasoning |
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Term
| Which value is chosen in 'trade-off reasoning " |
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Definition
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