Term
| Two main traditions of group research in social psychology |
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Definition
Small Groups: interdependant, small groups and face to face groups.
Prejduice and stereotype: Ethnic, national and gender group research. |
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Term
| Two levels of group measurement |
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Definition
| Individual and group level of anyalysis |
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Term
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Definition
| When you assume a group norm mistakenly (hung vote does not mean the group norm is that people are undecided) |
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Term
| Atomisitic/Individual Fallacy |
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Definition
| When you take something from an individual and apply it to the group. |
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Term
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Definition
| Common fate (how do individuals identify w/ each other), similarity (similarity of individuals, proximity (proximity of the individuals) and lineraity (groups are patterns of people). |
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Term
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Definition
| Considered by people to be real groups. Family and relationships for example. |
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Term
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Definition
| Groups that work towards a task - seen as a real group. |
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Definition
| Not seen as real groups by the population - example is jewish people. |
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Definition
| Not seen as a real group - eg people who like Jazz |
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Term
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Definition
| Definently not considered a real group - eg people at the bus station. |
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Term
| Five Stage of Group Development (in order) |
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Definition
| Forming (creations of the group), storming (conflict within the group), norming (creating groups norms), performing (groups works together), adjourning (groups dies :( ) |
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Term
| Criticism of Five Stages of Group Development Theory |
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Definition
| Too linear. Groups skip and come back to previour stages. |
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Term
| Punctuated equilibrium model |
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Definition
| Phase 1 inertia (not many changes to the group), transition (midpoint where norms change), Phase 2 inertia (norms stay the same), endpoint (task is completed). |
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Term
| Information Social Influence (with important experiment) |
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Definition
| Look to other to help us make sense of reality. Internalise these values. Sherif autokenetic study. |
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Term
| Normative Social Influence (with important experiment) |
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Definition
| Conforming to group norms to avoid rejection. Norm not internalised. Asch conformity study. |
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Term
| Enlightenment and Liberalism on Groups |
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Definition
| Individuals are primary. Groups are nothing more than individuals interacting with other individuals. |
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Term
| Conservative and Traditions towards Groups |
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Definition
| Groups are more than individuals. We become what the groups wants us to become. Groups slaves. |
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Term
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Definition
| Main focus is the group. Cannot predict individuals behaviour. People lose their individuality and hence their responsibility. Primal instincts activated. |
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Term
| Individualistic Group Theory |
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Definition
| No CNS of the group. No group brain. Your performance if reinforced by the group. Group facilitation occurs when you compete with others. |
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Term
| Deindividuation and the Group |
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Definition
| When people become deindividuated as part of the group this causes antisocial behaviour - for eg the KKK. |
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Term
| Social Facilitation Theory |
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Definition
| Presence of others causes arousal; humans increases their performance to be socially accepted. |
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Term
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Definition
| People can choose whether or not to group pressures. Once in a group of like minded individuals, people may act in extreme/radical ways. |
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Term
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Definition
| What people most commonly do in a given situation. |
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Term
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Definition
| What people should do (ie do things for rewards, not do things to avoid punishment). |
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Term
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Definition
| You cannot trust someone because they might screw you over. |
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Term
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Definition
| People go for short term gains which harm the group in the long term. |
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Term
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Definition
| People contribute to the long term welfare of the group. Good for the group, however minimises the reward for the individual. |
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Term
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Definition
An attitudinal construct that involves a
strong sense of ethnic group self-importance. |
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Term
| Ethnocentrism: Intergroup expression vs Intragroup Expression |
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Definition
Intergroup expression - one's own group is more important than other.
Intragroup expression: one's group is more important than the individuals that make it up. |
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Term
| What is Realisitic Conflict Theory? |
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Definition
| Suggests conflicts are rational. Only real conflicts are responsible for ethnocentrism. Only superoridnate goals can reduce intergroup conflict. |
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Term
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Definition
| One's self identity is derived from membership into relevant groups. According to this theory prejudice and ethnocentrism will disappear in minimal groups. |
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Term
| Self Categorisation Theory |
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Definition
| People automatically categorise themselves into groups - you do not need threats for in group preference. |
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Term
| Controlled vs Automatic Processes |
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Definition
Controlled thinking that is effortful and
deliberate, pausing to think about self and
environment, carefully selecting the right
course of action.
Automatic Thinking is quick,
without consciously deliberating one’s own
thoughts, perceptions, assumptions. |
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Term
| Freud's Theory of Social Cognition |
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Definition
| Biology causes behaviour. Implicit and unconscious drives. |
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Term
| Behaviourists on Social Cognition |
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Definition
| Exernal environment or biology cause behaviours. Conditioning teaches us behaviours. |
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Term
| Humanist Movement (Carl Rogers) of Social Cognition |
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Definition
| Behaviour is determined by conscious choice. Behaviour is adaptive but ultimately caused by conscious choice. |
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Term
| Cognitive Persepective on Social Cognition |
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Definition
| Deterministic mechanisms shape psychological phenomena. |
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Term
| Contemporary Dual Process Models of Behaviour |
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Definition
| Automatic and conscious processes underlie behaviour. |
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Term
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Definition
Proceeds not only effortlessly, but without any
intention or awareness. Evidenced by higher perceptual awareness for emotional words. |
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Term
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Definition
Act of self-control in one domain depletes
control resource in other domain. Only a limited number of possible resources to be used over all domains. Recharges relatively quickly. |
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Term
| What is the role of mimicry in social situations? |
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Definition
Mimicry facilitates social interaction and
increases liking. Used to be socially accepted. |
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Term
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Definition
| Seem to be responsible for empathy, as well as facilitating mimicry. |
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Term
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Definition
Automatic activation of abstract, schematic
representations of people and groups. People tend to act in accordance with the prime. |
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Term
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Definition
| An increased likelihood of seeing a weapon instead of a tool. Occurs more frequently with black faces as opposed to white faces. |
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Term
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Definition
| Structures that organize our knowledge and assumptions about something and are used for interpreting and processing information. |
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Term
| Priming effect on Schemas |
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Definition
| Priming increases situational and temporal accessibility of schemas. Culture is also a good priming tool. |
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Term
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Definition
| How we form inferences and impressions of other people. |
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Term
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Definition
Facial expressions, tone of voice, gestures, body position/movement, the use of touch, gaze and mirror neurons. |
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Term
| What is an Emblem? Does it differ cross culturally? |
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Definition
| Culturally specific gestures, eg the hello wave in english. |
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Term
| Social Role Theory is...? |
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Definition
| That labour across a society is divided up based on gender. Men work outside the home, women work within the home. |
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Term
What is Causal Attribution Theory?
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Definition
According to attribution theory, we try to determine why people do what they do in order to uncover the feelings and traits that are behind their actions. This helps us understand and predict our social world. |
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Term
| Fundamental Attribution Error |
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Definition
A person is behaving in a certain way because
of something about the person, such as their
attitude, character, or personality not becase of situational factors. |
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Term
| What is the Covariation Model? |
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Definition
Observations of behavior across time, place,
actors, and targets.
• Consensus – across people
• Distinctiveness – across situations
• Consistency – across time and circumstances |
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Term
| Four known factors that initiate attraction and love |
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Definition
| Propinquity Effect (Proximity to others increase attraction), Physical Attrativeness, Similarity (shared interests), Liking those who like us (reciprocity norm) |
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Term
| Social Exchange Theory (SET) |
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Definition
| We try to maximise out rewards and minimise out costs. We compare past and previous relationships to get a sense of rewards/costs of a relationship. |
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Term
| Equality in Relationships: Important or Not? |
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Definition
| Yes. When people are unequal a relationship starts to become more costly, especially to the under benefitted person. Those who are over benefitted feel guilty - this last point has not a lot of empirical support, though. |
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Term
| Passionate Love vs Compassionate Love |
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Definition
| Passionate Love is characterised by a loving relationship with sexual activity (a spouse, usually). Compassionate Love is characterised by a bond between two people without sexual activity (like a friend). |
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Term
| Four relationship attachment styles |
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Definition
• Secure: Rooted in trust and marked by
intimacy
• Preoccupied: Marked by own sense of
unworthiness and anxiety
• Dismissive: Avoidant relationship marked by
distrust for others
• Fearful: Avoidant relationship marked by fear
of rejection |
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Term
| Self Disclosure and Equity |
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Definition
| The longest lasting relationships tend to have partners who are equal and partners who disclose things about themselves to their romantic other. |
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