Term
| what is Cross Categorization |
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Definition
Depending on the context in whiich you meet someone some social features of that person may be mush more important that others - In fact, the impotantance of each feature may change as the interaction continues For example perhaps you meet a football palay and you asume that they are Macho This is based on your past experience or idea. :
Now suppos he sits down on the piano and plays a moving song - all of a sudden you have a different view of this individual
This delemma is applicable whenever we encounter soem one who shares one catergory with us but is part of an out-group with regards to another. |
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Term
| what is : Generic Norm of out group discrimintaion? |
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Definition
| When we are prepared to act in a similar discriminatory competitive or rejecting was towards akk out group regardless of the interaction. |
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Term
| what is social identification |
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Definition
| This is the process wherby individuals define themselves with respect to other people. , and social identity refers to those aspects of self-image of persons that depends upon the social categories and groups to which they belong |
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Term
| What is Social diferentiation? |
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Definition
| In psychology and sociology there is a tendency to exaggerate the similarities amoung ojects from the same category and the differences amount objects from different categoreis. When this phenomenon occurs with social groups, We compare people from two different social groups, we perive the members of a group as more similar than they really are . |
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Term
| What is the " out-group homogencity effect ? |
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Definition
| This is where we see the out-group as the same, and we see ouor in group as individuals - This happens because we are more likley to take teh time to view our ingroup as people and get to know then individually, and the out group is only the same based on the association to a group, there fro they must all be the same . |
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Term
| What is Cross Categoriaztion ? |
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Definition
| This is a situation where the person we are looking at is part of a group withyou, but also part of an out-group - This is aclled cross-categorization - Cross categorization lead to a decrease in the social differentiation. |
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Term
| Define a group as outlined by psychologist ? |
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Definition
1) Mutual awareness and influence : two or more people. , awar of and influence by each other .
2) Enduring Relationship : Groups involve enduring realtionships with a relativly stabe frame work
3) common purpose : groupss normally share a common sense of purpose, a common goal - whether to accomplish something, tangible or simple to have fun.
4) Feeling of belonging :The members must feel that they are part of a group. |
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Term
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Definition
| Cohesivness is a difficult concept to define : It is how a group sticks together and works in harmoney and solidarity - The memebners are sommited to thye group abd thye more factors keeping individuals in the group the fewer ther factors tempting them to leave - then the more cohesive the group |
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Term
| what is the Risky shift effects |
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Definition
| Tendency for some group desiosions to invole higher levles of rishs than the average individual decision |
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Term
| what is Group induced attitude polarizastion |
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Definition
| Group decisions are found to be more extreme than the initial decisions of the individuals involved and the direction of the views of the majority . Risky groups shift towards risk and casution groups shift towards caution : This is also evident in aggresssion,where individuals tendencies towards aggression are magnified by the group and bystandar intervention when helping is inhibited in group situations becuase individuals want to avoid looking foolish. |
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Term
| what are the sources of Polarization ? |
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Definition
1) social comparison: The social comparison interpration of the polarization effects assumes that individuals try to see themselves and tpresent themselves to others in a favorable light as possible - This is called the self-enhanscement Boas - to thast theu carefully observce how others act or express themselves and tend to shift in the directions of the group
2) Persuasive Argumentation : Group discussion has been suggested as the source of the polarization effect - Individuals in a group discrussion are exposed to argue for and againist a particular position and according to the viewm a group shift will occur4 only if thye members present
3) social Identification: wherby indivudals define themselves with respect to others people and conform to the norms and stereotypes of the group |
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Term
| what are the six major sources of Power ? |
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Definition
1) REWARD POWER : one person can rewward another via $$, Love approval
2) COERCIVE POWER : One can punish another for mon-compliance
3) LEGITIMATE POWER : teachers, police exercise their duties - acting by authority
4) EXPERT POWER : Individuals who have important and special knowledge or can offer guidance - we follow the orders of a doctor because he knows
5) INFORMATIONAL POWER : People in the Know : - provide or withhold information
6) REFERENT POWER : Individuals who exact obediance from followers who want to be like them
some add - Reciprocal Power : the influence one person has over another as a result of having helped the other in a past situation. |
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Term
| what is Intergroup Anxiety |
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Definition
| That is anxiety about being with the othergroup that will cause people to avoid then and may also be a consequence of a lack contact, fear of teh unknown. |
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Term
| How is Prejudice acquired ? |
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Definition
1) when groups are in conflict, prejudice and discrimination tend to increase according to the Realistic Theory, in cases where resorces are limited groups find themselves in conflict '
2) Prejudice is learned behaviour - The role of the parent : parents have a powerful role in influencing the child. according to Abound (1988) There is a three stage process of prejudice acquistion -
1) In the early years the child see's ethnic attitudes and these are based on emotional needs , the child moves into the
2) second stage which is preception of domination.
3) and finally preception of the child;s own appearance and another';s appearance and behaviour influence attitudes -
at this point three attitudes are created
1) member of ethnic group have psychological as well as physically and bheaviourally charateristics,
2) there are variations in skin clolour ( cognitive constancy ) and
3) Different attributes can exist in two people whjo are ethinically teh same - cognitive flexibility .
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parent who have a prejudiced personality - authoritanian, ethocentric -
Teachers, school medical
Peer groups |
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Term
| Outline taylor and McKiron's five-stage model and how members of a group deal with prejudice ? |
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Definition
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Term
| what is the difference between classical conditioning and Instrumental conditioning ? |
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Definition
Classicail conditioing -with the salivationg dogs - The classical conditioning paradigum has become part of all training - The unconditioned stimulus ( UCS), was used to elicit slaivation in a dog - the USC was then paired for a number of trials with the sound of the bell the conditioned stimui ( CS) - susquentley, it was found that the SC in the absence of UCS elicited salvation - on contract
The Instrumental conditioning - Is the basic principles of instrumental learning is that any behaviour or response that is followed by a reinforcement will be more likly to be repeated |
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Term
| What is the Prisoner's dilemma ? |
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Definition
| some conflicts are very difficult to resolve because actions that are rational on a individual level can lead to collectively irrational or mutually destructive out-comes - The prototype of this problemis called the " Prisoners Dilemma Game ( PDG), This is the classic situation with two prisoners. Both have to decide if they will take 2 years, 20 years or 30 years. The result is that the majority of the time the two convicts end up taking the twennty years, aand not the two - based on their irrayion mind set. The two convicts can not speak an dthis lack of communication |
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Term
| How do mediation and arbitration differ as ways of resolving conflict ? |
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Definition
| mediatio is more likely to involve aiding the process of negotiation rather than actually suggesting any direct resolution of a problem. In other words, the mediator may provide a channel of communication for the two sides Arbitration is different from mediation in that the intervener in this case reachs a decision about what is a fair resolution of the conflict an dthis is usually binding, that is the disputants agree in advance to accept the arbitrator's decision. |
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Term
| what are the four strategies choice model of mediation |
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Definition
Pressing :This referres to attemps to lower the disputant;s aspirations or their resistance to yielding,
compensation: This occurs when a mediator is able to provide something to the disputants in exchange for a compromise or aggreement
Inaction: This strategy refers to letting the diputant handle the conflict themselves for a period of time
Intergration: This entails the mediator directly helping to identify a solution to the conflict that satisfies both parties |
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Term
| Explain the significance of superordinate goals in conflict resolution? |
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Definition
Superordinate goals are mutually desired goals, which can bring two sides together.
The famous experiment lassic study of sherift 1958
Two groups of boys were divied and keep apart at a summer camp - The isolated groups were brought together during the second week. - The two groups interacted in contests, this reduced friction, but each group started calling each other the enemy - During the third and final week, they research study tried to reduce the conflict created - First they simply tried to put the groups together, they they set up common goals such as damaging the water supply, resulting in both sides havingto work together and cooperate - working together toward these superordinate The results of this study indicate that simple contact between hostile groups is not enough to reduce conflict, but cooperation interaction in working towards common goals can successfully reduce hostility |
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Term
| what are two ways of fostering and enhancing cooperation in a collective dilemma |
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Definition
One way to foster cooperation or behaviour based on the collective good is to make the identy of the group more salient - For example in one set of laboratory studies individuals are more likelyto cooperate when the good of the group os identified -
The second way to foster collective oriented behaviour is through coercion ? - collective mutiuall agreed upon coercion - we all pay taxes |
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Term
| when there is conflict both parties can achieve their goals at the same time - True or false |
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Definition
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Term
| If the CLalt is higher thant the level of the outcome offered by an exchange or relationship, a person is likely to terminate the social exchange or relationship ? |
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Definition
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Term
| define the social exchange theory |
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Definition
Grew out of the philosophy of utilitarianism, according to this oint of view all socialinteraction can be viweded as a kind of economic interaction in which individuals obtain rewards but only a certain costs
an individual look sat the richness of the outcome in a given exchange situation not solely in terms of rewards minus costs, but also in compariosn with two other stands
The first is the Comparison levle ( CL) for example a wife might compare the situation she is in with the situation of other wifes - The CL is used to compare the if the person is getting what he or she should ahev. The (Clalt) is the "compariosn Level for alternative, is used as a basis for deciding wheter to stay in teh relationship or not - The CLalt is used to decide if teh person can get a better deal else where. |
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Term
| what is the Game Theory - social conflict as a game |
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Definition
| The game theory model treats all conflicts as though they involve exchanges of a variety of resources such as material goods, services or affection - each party to the conflict is viewed as rational in that each is capable of ordering preferences for various outcomes? and each is capable of maximizing gains and minamizing losses |
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Term
| what is the collective Dilemma |
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Definition
| A collective Dilemma is an expanded form of the Prisoner's Dilemma - It involves may participants more closely reflects many rela-life conflicts situations and occurs whenever the individual rational actions of a number of interacting parties produce an outcome that is collectivley underirable. In otherwords, people must decide whether to behave selfishly ( max their oen interest ) or cooperative ( maximize group outcomes) If all involved act selishly everyone will be worse off than if the group interests had been manimixed - |
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Term
| How does collective Dilemmas effect the limited resources? |
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Definition
| The collective Dilemmas is the dilemma as to choose a solution which benfits the individual or teh group - When looking a resource consumtion the question would be possed, do you concerve the resources, and hope that other do the same so taht they result is a positive impact to the enviornment - or do you look at the resouces and state that not everyone is looking at the furtur and for now without a group resulting desicion, you might as well use what you need - |
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Term
| what are two forms that Collective Dilemma's take? |
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Definition
The collective dilemma take two forms -
1) Resource dilemma's
2) provision of public goods dilemma
The resource dilemma ( or common problem, as it is also called )- This invloves a collective good that already exists, and the group members how much of teh public resources each should take for personal use and overuse leads to a loss for all - Thus the individual who acts in a personal intersts and ignores the common good is guilty of a : sin of commision: The Public Good Dilemma ( also referred to as the free rider problem ) while the resource involves people drawing individually from a coomon-resource, the public goods dilemma is related to the contrbutions by individuals to the collective or public good ( for example publix television or installing pollution controlls ) that benefits everyone - contributors and non-contrutors alike. |
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