Term
Three Purposes of a Hypothesis |
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Definition
Allow testing of theory by suggesting how to falsify it
Give direction to research
Practicality by prediction |
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Term
| Three things that make a GOOD Theory |
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Definition
Effectively summarizes many observations
Makes Clear Predictions
Used to confirm theory, generate exploration, or suggest practical application |
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Term
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Definition
| Error in Judging the future's foreseeability and in remembering our past |
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Term
| Self-Concept vs Self-Schema |
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Definition
Self-Concept:
answers to "who am I?"
Self-Schema:
Beliefs about self that organize and guide processes of self-relevant information
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Term
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Definition
| Tendancy to see ourselves as the center of attention and overestimate the extent of others' attention on us |
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Term
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Definition
| Belief that our internal and external proceses (thoughts, feelings, blunders) are seen by everyone |
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Term
| What are the main issues related to the concept of self knowledge related to prediction of our behavior and feelings? |
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Definition
| Individuals are better at predicting others behavior, but we are not as good at predicting our own. Individuals also have difficulty in predicting intesity and duration of future emotions. |
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Term
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Definition
Differing implicit and explicit attitudes towards same object.
i.e.: verbalized beliefs change faster and more easily then internalized belifs |
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Term
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Definition
| Tendency to perceive onself favorably. Leads to an individual to attribute failures to external sources and success to personal ability. |
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Term
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Definition
| Belief that others have self-serving biases, but not themself |
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Term
| Pros and Cons of "unrealistic optimism" |
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Definition
Pros: may not take sensible precautions, and may lead to detpression when not meeting unrealistic expectations
Pros: Promotes self-efficacy, health, and well-being |
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Term
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Definition
| Anticipation of problems which motivates effective coping strategies. |
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Term
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Definition
| Tendency to overestimate commonality of one's opinions and their undesirable behaviors |
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Term
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Definition
| Tendency to underestimate commonality of personal positive characteristics |
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Term
| What are four self-serving biases? |
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Definition
Attributing success to ability/effor and failure to external sources
Comparing oneself favorably with others
Unrealistic Optimism
False Consensus |
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Term
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Definition
| When someone close to an individual is perceived as more capable, the person will be motivated to act in accordance with others' expectations, which leads to greater performance, self-improvement, and lessens the possibility of social rejection |
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Term
| Name three adaptive and three maladaptive consequences of the self-serving bias |
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Definition
Adaptive: more likely to sustain positive feelings, protection from depression, and buffers stress by increasing resiliency
Maladaptive: May sabatage group relations, views of own group superiority, and may blame others for social difficulties thus becoming personally unhappy |
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Term
| Define "locus of control," and the consequences of internal and external, respectively |
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Definition
Locus of control is represents personal feelings of who/what is in control of outcome.
Internal LC: more empowered to achieve because of personal belief in ability
External LC: Destiny is determined by an external source, and is often associated with learned helplessness. |
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Term
| Bandura's Four Sources of Self-Efficacy |
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Definition
| Social persuasion, modeling, mastery experiences, and emotional arousal |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| How great is Dustin F. Baker? |
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Definition
| Totally rad, dude! (an example of narcissim due to the inflated sense of self and disregard of criticism by others) |
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Term
| Fundamental Attribution Error |
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Definition
| The understimation of situational impact and overestimation of the extent to which another's characteristics are to blame. Usually in regards to other's shortcomings, but not our own. |
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Term
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Definition
| Things that are remembered without conscious thought or declaration of knowledge |
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Term
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Definition
| Not able to conscious see item, but able to guess it |
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Term
| Overconfidence Phenomenon |
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Definition
| Tendency to be more confident then accurate when estimating one's belief in abilities. |
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Term
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Definition
| Tendency to search for info that confirms biases |
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Term
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Definition
| Tendency to underestimate the time it will take to perform a given task |
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Term
| How do we construct and recall the past in terms of memory construct? |
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Definition
| We use current feelings/expectations in combination with past information fragments in order to make the memories more in line with current knowledge |
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Term
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Definition
| Cognitive rule that judges likelihood of things in terms of availability in memory |
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Term
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Definition
| Worry about remote possibilities while ignoring higher probabilities |
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Term
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Definition
| Perception of relation where none exists or is smaller thean perceived. O |
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Term
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Definition
Perception that uncontrollable events are subject to control, or that we have greater control tan we actually do
i.e.: Gambling and superstious rituals |
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Term
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Definition
| Belief that leads to its own fulfillment. (Target has to behave in the way and see themselves as that way) |
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Term
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Definition
| Type of self-fulfilling prophecy where people's social expectations lead them behave in ways that cause others to confirm their expectations |
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Term
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Definition
| beliefs and feeligns that can predispose our response to something or someone |
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Term
| Though attitudes do not often influence behavior, what are two circumstances when they do? |
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Definition
when the attitude is specific to the behavior
When we are conscious of our attitudes. |
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Term
| Does behavior influence attitudes? |
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Definition
| Yes, evidence suggests that attitudes follow behavior |
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Term
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Definition
A set of norms that defines how people in a given social position "ought to" behave.
i.e.-Zimbardo Prison Study |
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Term
| What is two factors does behavior result from? |
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Definition
| The interaction of person and situation. |
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Term
| Foot-in-the-Door Phenomenon |
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Definition
| Tendency for people who have first agreed to a small request to comply later with a larger request. |
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Term
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Definition
| Tactic for getting people to agree to something; based in the Foot-in-the-Door Phenomenon |
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Term
| Cognitive Dissonance Theory |
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Definition
| Tension that arises when one is simultaneously aware of two inconsistent cognitions, lead us to adopt attitudes that justify our actions in order to maintain positive self-image |
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Term
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Definition
| When we are unsure of attitudes, we infer them from our behaviors and the circumstances under which it occured |
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Term
| Depressive Realism/ "sadder but Wiser" Effect. |
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Definition
| o depressed people do not overexaggerate the amount of control they have, how competent they are, how well liked they are; they accept responsibility for both success and failure; they are more realistic in their perceptions of the future |
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Term
| Negative Explanatory Style |
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Definition
| Tendency to attribute failure and setbaccks to stable , global, and internal. (Beck's Theory of Depression) |
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Term
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Definition
| Painful awareness that our social relationships are less numerous or meaningful than we desire. |
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Term
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Definition
| Eager to present ourselves in ways that make a good impression... we feel anxious when we are motivated to impress others but have self doubts |
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Term
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Definition
| only the strongest will sruvive! |
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Term
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Definition
| Study of natural selection's influence on psychological traits and social behaviors that enhance the preservation and spread of one's genes. |
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Term
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Definition
| enduring behaviors, ideas, attitudes, and traditions shared by a large group of people and transmitted from one generation to the next |
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Term
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Definition
| Accepted ideas about appropriate behavior that restrain and control an individuals action; some universal, others may be culturally specific. |
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Term
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Definition
| physical or verbal behavior intended to hurt and/or intimidate someone |
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Term
| What are the four four factors that determine obedience? |
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Definition
| Emotional distance of victim, closeness and legitimacy of authority, if the authority is part of a respected institution, increased chance of being rejected from group if disobedient. |
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Term
| Central Route of Persuasion |
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Definition
| Focus is on the argument, using content and strength of information; explicit and reflective |
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Term
| Peripheral Route of Persuassion |
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Definition
| Focus on implicit cues (such as focusing on the emotional content) that trigger automatic acceptance without thinking; implicit and automatic |
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Term
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Definition
| Commonly accepted rules, norms, behaviors, etc. as applied to a specific condition (i.e. Don't address a superior in the workplace by first name unless invited to do so) |
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Term
| What are the lements of Persuasion? |
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Definition
| Who says it (includes credibility and attractiveness), what was said (content and emotional arousal), how it was said, and who it is said to (demographic info or general audience characteristics). |
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Term
| What does/should one do in order to start a cult? |
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Definition
| Increase commitment to the group, breed acceptance through maintaining compliance, and use persuasive elements related to the charisma of the leader, message of the, and focus on the vulnerability of the target audience. Use group effects of tp shape members, as well as establish attitude inoculation (how to resist unwanted persuasions) |
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Term
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Definition
| when people are present as a passive audience or as co-actors, without competing or providing rewards or punishments |
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Term
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Definition
| Strengthening of dominant responses in the presence of others |
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Term
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Definition
| Concern for how others may evaluate us |
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Term
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Definition
| Tendency to exert less effort when we are working in a group as opposed to working alone. |
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Term
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Definition
Giving little effor in group situations while benefitting from the grou's efforts.
*Not to be mistaken with the 1972 hit song "Free Ride" by the Edgar Winter Group. |
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Term
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Definition
| Loss of self-awareness and evaluation apprehension that occurs in group situations that foster responsiveness to group norms, good or bad. |
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Term
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Definition
| When more physically anonymous, individuals become more disinhibited to carry out-group will and become more deindividualized. |
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Term
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Definition
| Group-produced enhancement of members’ preexisting tendencies; a strengthening of members’ average tendency, not a split between the group |
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Term
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Definition
| Influence that results from accepting evidence about reality; people tend to shift opinions toward arguments that are made in-group. |
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Term
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Definition
| Influenced on a person's desire to be accepted or admidered by others |
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Term
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Definition
| Evaluating one's opinions and abilities by comparing self to others. |
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Term
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Definition
| Disbelief that others have the same view as you; after realizing that others have the same view, the individual will “one up” the group |
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Term
| Groupthink and three necessary conditions |
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Definition
mode of thinking that happens when the desire for harmony in a decision-making group overrides a realistic appraisal of alternatives.
Conditions include:
Amiable, cohesive group
Relative isolation of group from opposing views
Directive leader who signals what decision they favor |
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Term
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Definition
| Preconceived negative judgement of a group and its individual members (an attitude) |
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Term
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Definition
| People act to protect sense of freedom; trying to restrict freedom will yield anticonformity by the restricted person. |
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Term
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Definition
| Process by which individuals mobilize and guide groups. |
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Term
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Definition
| belief about the personal attributes of a group of people; often overgeneralized, inaccurate, and resistant to new information. |
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Term
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Definition
| Unjustified negative behaviors toward a group or its members; the behaviors the result from prejudice. |
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Term
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Definition
| sexism can be an individual’s prejudicial attitudes and discriminatory behaviors OR institutional practices that discriminate (even when there is no prejudicial intent) |
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Term
| Implicit Association Test (IAT) |
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Definition
| a measure within social psychology designed to detect the strength of a person's automatic association between mental representations of objects (concepts) in memory (as defined by Wikipedia) |
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Term
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Definition
| self-confirming apprehension that one will be evaluated based on a negative stereotype |
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Term
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Definition
| The "we" of our self-concept, our self-definition of what groups we belong to |
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Term
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Definition
Ingroup: Groups an individual identifies as belonging to
Outgroup: the groups they do not identify as belonging to |
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Term
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Definition
| The tendency to associate positive traits towards ingroup (as a result of the us vs. them mentality) |
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Term
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Definition
| Placing the blame for frustrating or painful circumstance on an outgroup |
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Term
| Realistic Group Conflict Theory |
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Definition
| prejudice arises when groups compete for scarce resources |
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Term
| Personality Dynamics theory of prejudice |
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Definition
| Need for status, self-regard and belonging – We cannot consider ourselves of 'high status' with someone below us, and if we feel our status or self-regard is threatened we can elevate our views of our ingroups against outgroups |
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Term
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Definition
| believing in the superiority of one's own ingroup and having disdain for corresponding outgroups |
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Term
| Categorization theory of prejudice |
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Definition
| Cognitive source that states individuals tend to group things together and make individual judgments based ongroup identity |
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Term
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Definition
| Tendency to believe that the world is just and people therefore get what they deserve |
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Term
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Definition
| Use of aggression as a means to some other end |
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Term
| Biological influences on aggression |
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Definition
| Neural Influences, genetic influences, and blood chemistry all suggest biological causes. |
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Term
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Definition
| Psychological influence of aggression that arises as the result of something blocking an individual's goal |
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Term
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Definition
| Redirection of aggression to a target other than the source of the frustration. Generally, the new target is a safer or more socially acceptable target |
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Term
| Learning Theory of Aggression |
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Definition
| – we see from others when aggression pays off and may mimic this behavior, which may lead us to be more aggressive later on |
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Term
| Name a few environmental influences of aggression |
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Definition
| Painful incidents, heat, attacks, crowding, increased stress from having to study for A FUCKING SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY EXAM THAT COVERS THE ENTIRE SPECTRUM OF SOCIAL PSYCH THEORIES!!!! |
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Term
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Definition
| emotional release, viewed in aggression theory as release of aggressive energy either by acting aggressively or fantasizing aggression to reduce aggressive drive: doesn't appear to be effective for aggression. |
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Term
| Know stuff about media's influence on society |
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Definition
| Page 27-28 on the explanation Sara sent out. No bold theories to really put into flashcard form. In summary though, violent tv and video games influence more violent behaviors. Porn consumption and rape also appear to be highly correlated (within the US at least; Japan has a negative correlation) |
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Term
| Proximity ((as discussed in regards to the importance of developing relationships with others). |
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Definition
| geographic closeness that is powerful predictor of becoming friends or enemies (but usually friends). This includes how close living, sitting by, etc. |
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Term
| Interaction (as discussed in regards to the importance of developing relationships with others). |
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Definition
| The functional distance (or how often paths cross) is even greater in predicting then proximity. Why? Proximity and functional distance allows the chance to get to know someone, discover commonalities and exchange rewards |
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Term
| Anticipation of interaction (as discussed in regards to the importance of developing relationships with others). |
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Definition
| an adaptive phenomenon that creates excitement and expectation of a rewarding interaction that leads to forming a rewarding relationship. |
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Term
| Mere Exposure (as discussed in regards to the importance of developing relationships with others). |
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Definition
| just being around certain others creates familiarity, which creates a greater interest |
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Term
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Definition
| People will pair up with others who are on the same level of attractiveness, whether as friends, romantic interests, etc |
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Term
| The Physical-Attractiveness Stereotype |
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Definition
| What is beautiful is good. Physically attractive people are more desired to be around, homely children are less desired to be socialized with, as well as punished more severely compared with attractive kids |
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Term
| Gender differences for attraction (as proposed by evolutionary theory) |
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Definition
Males: prefer mates who can reproduce successfully
Females: Prefer mates who can provide and protect |
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Term
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Definition
| Ratings of attractiveness vary depending on what the individual has been exposed to. |
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Term
| What is more potent for a successful relationship: similarity or complementary? |
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| A state of intense longing for union with another; absorption in one another, ecstatic in attaining partner’s love; disconsolate on losing it |
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Term
| Two Factor Theory of Emotion and Love |
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Definition
| Being aroused by any source should intensify passionate feelings given that mind is free to attribute some arousal to romantic stimulus |
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Term
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Definition
| The affection we feel for those with whom our lives are deeply intertwined |
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Term
| Two things needed for Maintaining Close Relationships |
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Definition
Equity (condition in which the outcomes of people receive from a relationship are proportional to what they contribute to it)
Self Disclosure:Revealing intimate aspects of oneself to others |
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Term
| Describe the Detachment Process as applicable to Love |
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Definition
| Agitated preoccupation with loss leads to deep sadness leads to beginnings of emotional detachment leads to return to normal living leads to renewed sense of self |
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Term
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Definition
| perceived incompatibility of actions or goals |
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Term
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Definition
| situation in which the conflicting parties, by each rationally pursuing its self-interest, become caught in a mutually destructive behavior |
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Term
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Definition
| People in conflict attribute similar virtues to themselves and vices to the other |
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Term
| What are the four strategies to help enemies become friends? (Hint: the four "C's" of peacemaking) |
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Definition
| contact, cooperation, communication and conciliation |
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Term
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Definition
| a motive to increase another’s welfare without conscious regard for one’s self-interests |
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Term
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Definition
| When many others are around, individuals are less likely to help or become involved |
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Term
| Social-Exchange Theory of Helping |
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Definition
| human interactions are transactions that aim to maximize one’s rewards and minimize one’s costs |
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Term
| Reciprocity Norm and Social-Responsibility Norm as applied to Helping |
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Definition
Reciprocity: expectation that people will help those who have helped them
Social-Responsibility Norm: an expectation that people will help those in need.
Neither are action figures representions of Dr. Norm Scott, but will be by the time I, Dustin F. Baker, graduate. I make this my vow and oath. |
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Term
| Being "Green" and Social Psychology: What should you know? |
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Definition
| Social Psychologists need to help the world be more aware of the environmental crisis that is in the near future; for more specific info related to wealth, happiness, and other factors that play into this, see page 38 of the document sent by Sara. |
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Term
| Adaptation-level phenomenon |
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Definition
| tendency to judge our experience (e.g. of sounds, temperatures, or income) relative to a neutral level defined by our prior experience |
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Term
| Evolutionary Psychology Theory's Basic Assumptions |
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Definition
| The individuals who populate this world are the result of natural selection; a focus on how competition and attainment for reproduction (and resources) have shaped human behavior/ psychological responses in both direct and indirect ways. Any question on this test in relating to how things developed can be reasoned back to the idea of reproduction (in Dusty's opinion; someone let me know if I'm off on this) |
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Term
| Affordance Management System and the six things that make it up. |
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Definition
The specialized adaptations making up the human psyche were designed by natural selection to manage the threats and opportunities afforded by the ecologies early humans and their ancestors inhabited.
1.Cues Connote Affordances (psychological cues like senses create a fitness level inference (i.e. feeling a threat of safety)
2. Thinking and Feeling leads to a behavior
3. Focus of Function: processes are coordinated to facilitate solving the problem and linkages between them are functional linkages
4. Content Matters:evolutionary logic is applied to social psychological phenomena, it typically yields hypotheses not only about underlying processes but also, crucially, about content, too
5. Context Matters: provide logical tools that allow one to derive novel predictions about how specific features of the immediate social situation and specific perceiver dispositions (e.g., current goals, traits, beliefs) facilitate or attenuate specific cognitive, affective, and behavioral phenomena
6. AMS provides a broad conceptual template that can be applied across all of Social Psychology |
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Term
| Trait impression is thought to be strongest around intent, as opposed to just threat or opportunity |
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Definition
| Just thought you should know. |
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Term
| Trait impressions and social inference with using quick and minimal cognitive effort are evolutionarily needed to make life-saving decisions. |
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Definition
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Term
| Stigmatization as an adaptive function of evolution |
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Definition
| serves as a protection and elimination of “cheaters and free-riders” who violate the social reciprocation |
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Term
| Kinship as an adaptive function of evolution |
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Definition
| anything done to help kin will be helpful to shared reproductive material to be passed on. |
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Term
| Aggression as an adaptive function of evolution |
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Definition
| Helps survival and reproduction, as it may help protect resources essential for successful reproductive fitness |
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Term
| Reciprocal Exchange as an adaptive function of evolution |
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Definition
| Gift giving and generosity increases the resources within a group, and thus reproductive success rates and enhanced mate value. Also grants safety when an individual may be in difficult times |
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Term
| Sexual Attraction and Mate Selection as an adaptive function of evolution |
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Definition
| Physical attraction is a result of people being attracted to others who have "good genes" |
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Term
| Long Term Relationships as an adaptive function of evolution |
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Definition
| Men develop less interest in other women in monogomous relationships to serve as a motivation for staying in the relationship to help provide for offspring. |
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Term
| Offspring Care as an adaptive function of evolution |
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Definition
| romantic relationships are important in producing and sustain offspring until they are able to take care of themselves. |
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Term
| Social Influence as an adaptive function of evolution |
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Definition
| Obedience, compliance, conformity, and persuasion all are the result of trying to stay in the group in order to increase reproduction and safety |
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Term
| Group Dynamics as an adaptive function of evolution |
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Definition
| groups are not usually thought of as a needed area of study within evolutionary psych, the idea of ultrasocial species (like humans) provide a justification for looking at the group. |
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Term
| Multilevel selection theory |
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Definition
| states that group level outcomes impact reproductive fitness of individuals within the group: ideas about brainstorming, cooperation, and social dilemmas have resulted. |
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Term
| Prepared Associative Learning |
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Definition
| Evolved tendency to acquire specific fitness-relevant associations more quickly and efficiently than other associations |
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Term
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Definition
| : Cultural differences may reflect differences in the extent to which evolved psychological mechanisms are expressed differently under different ecological circumstances |
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Term
| “Just-So Story” Accusation against Evolutionary Psych |
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Definition
| Asserting that evolutionary analyses are untestable or are merely post-hoc explanations of common knowledge (or both). Evolutionary theorists state that this is largely unfounded, as theories can be tested like any others, and have shown some findings to be complex/counterintuitive to what one would expect. |
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Term
| What are some important events that have helped shape social psychology? |
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Definition
See pages 49-51. Quick version of how social psychology took shape in the 20th Century and what was focused on:
1. Investigation of how groups influence individual performance
2. Research on conformity, group norms, social influence
3. Persuasion and person perception
4. Cognitive dissonance and self-justification
5. Attribution theory & problems of social thinking
6. Social cognition
7. Gender, stereotypes, culture, the self |
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Term
| Who is the father of modern social psychology? |
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Definition
Kurt Lewin. He placed the active social perceived squarely at the forefront of human behavior. Focused on field theory and then group dynamics.
I wonder if we would get any points if we said Craig? |
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Term
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Definition
| Believed social psychology’s mission should be to study small face to face groups as the transmitters of social and cultural knowledge and norms. Early group dynamics tradition was concerned primarily with establishing the realities of group life and the impact of that group life on individuals’ attitudes and behavior. |
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Term
| What role do trait inferences play in increasing the accuracy of memory for trait-relevant information? |
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Definition
| For individual targets, inferences are made online as information about the individual is received. Such inferences can lead to good overall memory for the information, primacy effects in recall, low memory-judgment correlations, and heightened memory for information inconsistent with the overall impression. |
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Term
| Trait inferences for individuals is done spontaneously, and this process leads to enhanced recall for behaviors that led to the trait inferences as well as to clustering in memory for behaviors that afforded the same trait inferences. Spontaneous trait inferences can also cause memory distortions and reconstructions such that behaviors consistent with the inferred traits were wrongly recalled. |
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Definition
| This relates to social inference |
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Term
| What is one of the most common approaches to investigate inferences and social memory? |
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Definition
| The Impression-Formation Paradigm in which participants are presented with behavioral information about a target and area asked to form an impression about the target. Then uses subsequent recall measures to examine the way that inferences lead perceivers to represent the target in memory. |
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Term
| What is the idea about looking at the effects of inferences about group membership on memory? |
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Definition
| Looks at how inferences we make about people’s group membership (i.e., guessing someone is homosexual based on their mannerisms) can also impact memory- should enhance memory for certain kinds of information and also should bias memory in a category-consistent direction (in other words, things that don’t fit with expectations will be more easily forgotten) |
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Term
|
Definition
| In psychology, it typically refers to the perception of a group as pure entity (an entitative group), abstracted from its attendant individuals. It is different from holistic perception. Operationally, entitativity can also be defined as perceiving a collection of social targets (e.g., individuals) as possessing unity and coherence (e.g., a group). |
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Term
| Purpose for self-inferences? |
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Definition
| The principles of inference and memory for the self follow very closely the principles for individual social targets. However, the greater knowledge about the self, the greater affect associated with the self, and the special motivations that are self-relevant lead to even stronger effects of inferences on both memory accuracy and memory biases. |
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Term
| What effects do inferences about group type have on memory? |
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Definition
| Information about group types affect the organization of group-relevant information in memory. This organization in turn affects the kinds of errors of recall and recognition that are made. |
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Term
| Effects of inferences on groups and memory? |
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Definition
| For group targets, inferences are generally memory based, formed after the original information has been received and stored. This judgment process leads to poor overall memory, recency effects in recall, high memory-judgment correlations, and heightened memory for information consistent with the overall impression |
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Term
| How does memory lead to inference and what ways memory can guide and influence the inferences we make? |
|
Definition
Accessibility of information in memory
• Accessibility of information from memory is an important factor that guides subsequent inference processes
• Information accessible in memory has greater influence on inferences and judgments. |
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|
Term
| What makes some information more accessible in memory? |
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Definition
| Stimulus salience, priming, beliefs and expectances, self-relevance, memory organization, misattributed memories, ease of retriecal, retrieval strategies, and the relationship between memory and judgment. |
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Term
| What is the key factor in differences in inference and memory for social targets? |
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Definition
| perceived coherence of the target |
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Term
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Definition
| Drive to affirm the self, and convince self & others that we are intrinsically meritorious persons (worthwhile, attractive, competent, lovable, moral). |
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Term
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Definition
| selective forgetting; remember positive feedback, forget negatives |
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Term
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Definition
| avoid attending to unflattering information, impeding encoding |
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Term
| What is the Mobilization-minimization trajectory as it relates to selective attention? |
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Definition
| Brief initial orientation towards the threat, followed by a prolonged evasion of it. |
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Term
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Definition
| attend to information that justifies important prior decisions; at retrieval, bring to mind a biased sample of congenial memories |
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Term
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Definition
| lenient attitude toward praise, accept positive information at face value; i.e., unthinkingly accept an exam on which performed well as valid |
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Term
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Definition
| critical attitude toward blame; tendency to refute negative information |
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Term
| Strategic social comparison of Downward Comparison |
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Definition
| Often compare self to inferior others to capitalize on contrast effect |
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Term
| Strategic social comparison of Lateral comparisons |
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Definition
| can protect self-esteem, esp. among members of disadvantaged groups |
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Term
| Strategic social comparison of Upward comparison |
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Definition
| can promote self-enhancement through assimilation |
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Term
| Strategic social comparison of Strategic construal |
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Definition
| affirming the self by semantic adjustment; interpretation of virtues & vices are slanted to favor self; exacerbated following negative feedback |
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Term
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Definition
| overestimate prevalence of personal shortcomings |
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Term
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Definition
| underestimate the prevalence of personal strengths |
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Term
| Self-evaluation maintenance theory |
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Definition
lf-enhancement changes with one’s ability level in the context of interpersonal relationships, influencing interpersonal attitudes & behavior
3 relevant factors:
closeness of relationship
personal relevance of ability
performance level in that ability domain |
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Term
| Behavioral self-handicapping |
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Definition
| erecting obstacles to task success in order to deflect the evaluative implications of unhindered task performance |
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Term
| What are three conditions when self-enhancement is contained or competing motives assume priority? |
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Definition
Self-assessment: desire to know the truth about oneself
Self-verification: desire to confirm pre-existing views about oneself
Self-improvement: desire to expand one’s abilities and become a better person |
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Term
| What are six contraints on self-enhancement? |
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Definition
| When competing motives assume priority (think of the conditions of constraint), pausibility constraints, moderation of mood on self-enhancement, social context, culture, and relative motive strength. |
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Term
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Definition
| Attitude toward oneself; associated with evaluative self-beliefs & feelings about self |
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Term
| How is trait self-esteem measured? What about state self-esteem? |
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Definition
Trait: Self Report
State: Induced by feedback |
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Term
| Summarize the big ideas about self-esteem. |
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Definition
Self-esteem is only tangentially related to many objective benefits.
Self-esteem is strongly correlated with subjective well-being.
High self-esteem, particularly when fragile or extreme, can be socially disruptive.
Objective merit of self-esteem may have been overestimated because it feels good |
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Term
| What are the two types of self-esteem? |
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Definition
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Term
| What does Craig say about self-esteem and the results from research? |
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Definition
| Relationship between SE and outcomes is unclear. |
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Term
| What are the most basic set of working assumptions that impression formation has converged on? |
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Definition
| perceivers prefer simple, well-structured impressions and that they achieve this coherence by regularly constructing and using categorical representations (such as stereotypes) in their attempts to understand others. |
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Term
| What are two ways that categorical thinking is assumed to shape a person? |
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Definition
| Guide processing of target-related info encountered, and to derive evaluations and impressions |
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Term
| What are the three stages of stereotypes and person perception? |
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Definition
| Categorization, characterization, and correction. |
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Term
| How does affect effect stereotype activation? |
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Definition
| The impact of stereotypes on judgment and memory is exacerbated by certain emotional states. |
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Term
| Describe the self-regulatory strategy for suppressing stereotypes/correction processes. |
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Definition
Step one: Mental scan for unwanted thoughts
Step Two: avoiding the unwanted thought by attempting to replace it with a suitable distractor. |
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Term
| What is at the core of all researcher's definition of "attitude"? |
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Definition
| Evaluation of something/one; usually emphasize the stability of attitudes. |
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Term
| What are various ways to measure and assess attitudes? |
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Definition
| Implicit measures (IAT, for example), explicit measures (surveys, self-report, etc), physiological (skin conductance), and neurobiological (brain scans). |
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Term
| What are the origins of attitudes and what are difficulties in trying to research this? |
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Definition
| nature and nurture; practical, political, and a general lack of availble methods create a barrier for this. |
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Term
| When beliefs (especially around in and out groups) are socially unacceptable, this provides a good foundation for exploring disparities between expressed and elicited attitudes |
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Definition
| A helpful thing to think about when talking ways to research attitude origin. |
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Term
| Contrary to original beliefs, implicit (or below awareness) attitudes can shift. What are three conditions for this to occur? |
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Definition
| contextual variables, motivational states and cognitive factors |
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Term
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Definition
| intertwined attitudes and related fibers; has been defined in numerous ways |
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Term
| What is a main source of evidence that ideology is still alive and kicking? |
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Definition
| Left/Right Wing Disparities |
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Term
| Implicit self-enhancement |
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Definition
| People may self-enhance not only by evaluating themselves favorably but also by positively evaluating things that are associated with them |
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Term
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Definition
| tendency for people’s positive, self-enhancing evaluations of themselves to spill over into their evaluations of objects, places, and people that are associated with them |
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Term
| What are two debates regarding self-enhancement theories/research/beliefs? |
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Definition
| Cultural differences and whether self-enhancement is a benefit or liability. |
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Term
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Definition
| Alternative explanations of self-enhancement motives;people self-enhance because self-esteem buffers them against the existential anxiety caused by knowledge that they will someday die |
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Term
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Definition
| Many effects that have been attributed to self-motives arise in the service of promoting one’s social acceptance by other people; suggests that self-esteem is part of a sociometer that monitors people’s relational value in other people’s eyes; an alternative explanation for self-enhancement motives |
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Term
| Do the phenomena/processes associated with self-enhancement, self-verification, and self-expansion reflect a motivational feature of the self as opposed to the use of the self to satisfy other more basic and nonself motives? |
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Definition
| Difficult question with no easy answer; so maybe? |
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Term
| What are self-conscious emotions? |
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Definition
| reactions to inferences about other people’s evaluation of the individual as a reaction of self-reflection and awareness; more specifically guilt, shame, embarrassment, social anxiety, and pride |
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Term
| Why are particular motives and emotions linked to the self, and what relationship, if any, do these motives and emotions have to each other? |
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Definition
Two answers:
Possibility 1)Emotions and motivations for their own sake
Possibility 2) emotions and emotions for the purpose of their interpersonal impact |
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