Term
| What is the difference between automatic and controlled processing? |
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Definition
Automatic thoughts are when you think of something automatically, meaning it’s an subconscious thing we assume or think about, not something on the conscious level.
Controlled processing is when you think about something with effort and thoughtfully. |
|
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Term
| Define schema and give an example of one. |
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Definition
Mental structures that people use that help them organize the social world. This helps people classify subjects and themes in their social world that influences the information people receive, and think about.
Example: If a male is driving a Honda Civic hatchback with a non stock exhaust, they are a sexist, rude, self-centered male. |
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Term
| How are schemas and stereotypes related? |
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Definition
| Stereotypes are very similar to schemas in the fact that they generalize social information for people, but they have a big difference. Schemas are personal to our own experiences with the social world, while stereotypes are socially known on a large scale. |
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Term
| How are schemas and reconstructive memory related? |
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Definition
| Events that people experience are what make up memories, but no one experiences the same event in the same way. This is what makes schemas and what makes them so personal to each individual. |
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Term
| What is the perseverance effect? |
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Definition
| When there is evidence against a previously known thought, there is some belief still that that thought is true. |
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Term
| What is the self-fulfilling prophecy? |
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Definition
| Self-fulfilling prophecy is when once you have an idea in your head that you are expected to see or find, you will only see those things because you are looking for them. |
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Term
| What are the mental shortcuts that people use to make judgments quickly and efficiently called in social psych? |
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Definition
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Term
| Give an example of the availability heuristic. |
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Definition
Example1: When a doctor hears a list of symptoms, they consider diagnosis that comes to mind easily.
Example 2:If I were to think that milk is good for health because several of my relatives drank milk and lived to a ripe old age. |
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Term
| “You have that east coast attitude. I’ll bet you live in New York!” This is a good example of the ____________ heuristic, especially when this was stated in Alaska at a boarding school. |
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Definition
|
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Term
| What is racial profiling? |
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Definition
| Falsely assuming something about someone because of their race |
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Term
| Give an example of counterfactual thinking. Define counterfactual thinking. |
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Definition
| The big “what if”. Asking yourself how a situation that has happened in the past could have gone differently. |
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Term
| True or False: Common sense is a good predictor of human behavior? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| Define social perception. |
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Definition
| Social perception is the study of the way people make impressions of and make conclusions about people. |
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Term
| What are mirror neurons, and when are they activated? |
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Definition
| They are neurons that fire both when you observe an action and perform the same action. |
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Term
| What is the difference between encoding and decoding? |
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Definition
| Encoding is when you express a non verbal thing, such as facial expression. Decoding is when interpreting the non verbal expressions |
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Term
| List the six universal emotional facial expressions that Paul Ekman and his colleagues have identified. |
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Definition
| Anger, fear, disgust, happiness, surprise and sadness. |
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Term
| Describe at least one gender difference in decoding facial expressions. |
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Definition
| It is easier to notice anger on a males face, while it’s easier to notice happiness on a females face. |
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Term
| When we make self-serving attributions, we tend to attribute our successes to ____ factors and our failures to ____ factors. |
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Definition
| We take credit for our successes and our failures to external sources. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Temporarily increase the accessibility to certain schema by hearing it recently. |
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Term
|
Definition
| When you try to suppress a thought and it makes you think about it more. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Scientific study of how people are affected by the idea or imagined idea of other people being present. |
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Term
| Define social influence. Give examples of both direct and indirect types from your life this week. |
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Definition
I was peer pressured to drink a beer but refused.(direct)
The presence of the Naturopathic physician I was shadowing caused me to act more professional than I would ordinarily.(indirect) |
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Term
| The word “construal” refers to |
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Definition
| The way in which people perceive, comprehend, and interpret the social world. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| The process whereby people adopt another person’s attitudes. |
|
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Term
| Define Cognitive Dissonance |
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Definition
| When we are unsure that we made the right decision and must rationalize or reassure ourselves that we did right. |
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Term
|
Definition
| A long term attitude change that is the result of attempting at self-justifications. |
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Term
| Why does lowballing work? |
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Definition
| A sales strategy where a salesperson gets a customer to agree to a purchase something at a low price, then claims there was an error and then the salesperson raises the prices. Usually customers agree to the new price. |
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Term
|
Definition
| When people adopt other people’s attitudes. |
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Term
| When people act contrary to their self-perceptions as reasonable and sensible people, they experience a feeling known as _____________. |
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Definition
|
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Term
| Give an example of the impact bias. |
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Definition
| When someone wants to break up with someone, they will over estimate their feelings of dread. |
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Term
|
Definition
| The conviction that all of us have that we perceive things “as they really are.” |
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Term
| RYANS A BRAT? WELL CHRISTINES A BITCH! |
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Definition
|
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Term
| True or False: Every time people make a decision, they experience dissonance. |
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Definition
|
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Term
| In general, when making a decision between alternatives, the less lasting and critical the decision, the (MORE or LESS) the post-decision dissonance. |
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Definition
|
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Term
| If our behavior is inconsistent with our values or beliefs, we are less likely to experience cognitive dissonance if we: |
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Definition
|
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Term
| Which social psychology concept is most closely related to the idea, Saying is believing? |
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Definition
| Counter attitudinal advocacy. |
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Term
| According to dissonance theorists, what is the problem with severe punishment to control behaviors? |
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Definition
| We are likely to lash out and be rebellious if severe punishment is given. It’s better to give a small punishment for something because more guilt will follow. |
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Term
| Describe the Ben Franklin Effect: |
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Definition
| When you do a favor for someone, you end up liking them more (by your decision out of your free time). Because why do a favor for someone if you don’t like them? |
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Term
| What kind of psychologist would most likely ask, “What situations cause people to behave rudely?” |
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Definition
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Term
| How do dehumanization of victims and cognitive dissonance theory relate? |
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Definition
| If you are being cruel to someone, to get rid of the cognitive dissonance we dehumanize them to deal with treating another person like that. |
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Term
| You are extremely pissed off at your roommate because it is the night before exams and he confronted you about your unpaid rent. You decide he is an ass. This is due to the: |
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Definition
| Fundamental Attribution Error |
|
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Term
| Define Fundamental Attribution Error |
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Definition
| The tendency to overestimate the extent to which people's behavior is due to internal, dispositional factors, and to underestimate the role of situational factors. |
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Term
| The more difficult the initiation, the ________ we will like the group. |
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Definition
|
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Term
| The three parts that form our evaluations of attitude objects are: |
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Definition
Cognitive: thoughts and believes towards the attitude.
Affective: Peoples emotional reactions towards the attitude.
Behavioral: How people act towards the attitude. |
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Term
| The genetic “component” of attitudes is due to the fact that genes influence ____________ and ______________. |
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Definition
| Temperament, personality. |
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Term
| It is estimated that one-third of the electorate knows almost nothing about specific politicians. Nonetheless, these people hold very strong opinions about them. This pattern of findings suggests that people’s attitudes toward politicians may be largely ____________ based. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| If Little Joey gets punished every time he plays with matches, Joey may develop a negative attitude toward matches. What learning theory would best explain Joey’s negative attitude toward them? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Give an example of an implicit attitude. |
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Definition
| When I subconsciously think that people who own Hondas with aftermarket exhausts are unintelligent young guys who are jerks to women. |
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Term
| When does counterattitudinal advocacy result in attitude change? |
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Definition
| The smaller the external justification, the more likely this will result in attitude change. |
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Term
| The Yale Attitude Change approach to persuasion emphasizes most which three aspects of persuasion? |
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Definition
| Source of communication, Nature of the communication, Nature of the audience. |
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Term
| When people listen carefully to a persuasive communication and think about the arguments, they are using the _____ route to persuasion. |
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Definition
| Central route to persuasion |
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Term
| Chloe voted for the first time in the 2000 elections. She was very motivated to understand campaign issues and to make an informed choice at the polls. She read the newspapers and watched the television debates between the candidates. Motivated and informed when she watched the presidential debates between George Bush and Al Gore, Chloe was most likely to pay attention to which aspects of the debates? |
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Definition
| Central route to persuasion |
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Term
| Public service ads often try to raise fear in an audience to induce people to change unhealthy behaviors. If fear appeals are used, it is crucial to provide the audience with _______ to increase the likelihood of behavior change. |
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Definition
| Instructions to reduce the fear of the person looking at the ad. |
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Term
| Define Attitude inoculation. |
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Definition
| Making people immune to attempts to change their attitudes by exposing those people to small doses of the argument that is against their position. |
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Term
| Gestalt psychology led most directly to what concept of emphasis in social psychology? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Define informational social influence. |
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Definition
| The influence of other people that leads people to conform. This is because we see other people as a source of information to help us guide our behaviors. |
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Term
| What are the three types of situations that tend to trigger us into conforming to informational social influence. |
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Definition
| When the situation is ambiguous, a crisis or when others are experts. |
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Term
| How can you best avoid undue conforming to informational social influence? |
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Definition
| When something is in low-importance condition to you. To most people, getting things right with everyday judgments can make you more susceptible to informational social influence. |
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Term
| What are the two primary human motives, according to social psych? |
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Definition
| Being right, and liking/feeling good about ourselves |
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Term
| Does informational social influence typically result in private or public acceptance? Why? |
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Definition
| Private; We conform because we believe that other peoples interpretation of an ambiguous situation is more accurate than our own, which will help us choose an appropriate course of action. |
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Term
| Explain how you would use the observational method to assess student PDA in the quad. |
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Definition
| Sitting in a chair and recording what you see in terms of frequency, and whatever measurements are being assessed. |
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Term
| Explain how you would use the experimental method to assess student PDA in the quad, as it relates to prior meat-eating. |
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Definition
An experiment would be set up to see whether or not meat eating affected student PDA
Independent variable would be eating meat
Dependent variable would be PDA in the quad. |
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Term
| Define mass psychogenic illness and what does informational social influence have to do with it? |
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Definition
| This is when someone looks like they are sick with something contagious, and then people around them start to mimic the sick persons actions if they feel even the smallest symptom because the person might think they have caught it. This is a form of informational social influence, because people are looking to others to see how to act. The more people who mimic, the more other people will mimic them, so it’s a cycle. |
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Term
| Explain how you would use the correlational method to assess student PDA in the quad, as it relates to prior meat-eating. |
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Definition
| Asking individuals if they eat meat, followed by asking if they have PDA in the quad, and assessing the statistical relationship between the two. |
|
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Term
| List a behavior in yourself that is positively correlated with sunlight. Explain how you know there is a correlation and it is positive. |
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Definition
| Smiling is a behavior that is positively correlated with sunlight. I know this from many years of personal experience in observing my own mood in sunlight vs. when it’s not sunny in addition to the mood of others. |
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Term
| What is the biggest advantage that the experimental method has over other research methods? |
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Definition
| There is greater control, and correlations which are drawn in the correlational method and observational method do not indicate causation necessarily. The observational method also generally cannot be used for things that are rarely done or done in private. |
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Term
| The variable that the researcher changes or varies to see if it has an effect is called the _____ |
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Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
| Making sure that nothing besides the independent variable can affect the dependent variable; this is accomplished by controlling all extraneous variables and by randomly assigning people to different experimental conditions. |
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Term
|
Definition
| The extent to which the results of a study can be generalized to other situations and to other people. |
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Term
| Who was the founder of Social Psychology? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Define contagion and what does informational social influence have to do with it? |
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Definition
| This is a rapid spread of behaviors or emotions through a crowd of people. This has to do with informational social influence because people are looking to other people in these situations to see how to feel, especially if people feel ill-equipped to in a situation. |
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Term
| Define normative social influence. |
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Definition
| We want to be accepted and liked by others, so we conform via the influence of other people. |
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Term
| Solomon Asch conducted a series of studies in which participants were asked to estimate the lengths of lines that clearly differed in length. Participants then heard the other group members give correct estimations for some trials, and blatantly incorrect estimations for others. When confederates in the study gave an incorrect response, how did participants respond? |
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Definition
| Participants gave into normative social influence and gave incorrect answers. The participants resulted with public compliance so they would be accepted by the group. |
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|
Term
| What typically happens to us if we resist normative social influence? |
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Definition
| Your group might become annoyed or angry with you at first, then would make fun of you or alienate you. |
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Term
| The students at the “Milgram table” in class set up an experiment with their classmates that leads them to believe they are actually injuring innocent penguins. The students are distraught. This experiment has got good __________ ___________. |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| True or False: According to the Ethical Principles of Psychologists conducting research, researchers may no longer use deception unless the result is worth it, scientifically. |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| How have social norms affected age of onset of eating disorders in women? |
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Definition
| If a daughter sees a mom dieting and obsessing over her weight, or sees her friends or people she socially interacts with, then she will more likely conform into this pattern because of this need to be thin and attractive in American culture. Girls as young as 7 years old in America have said they are dissatisfied with their bodies because of this thin and attractive American social norm, and eating disorders in girls as young as 12 to 13 years old have sprung up. Since it hit the young groups, it spreads. |
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Term
| Sociocultural expectations of attractiveness for men, as depicted in the media, specify that men should be more: |
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Definition
| Thin, muscular (six-pack), tall. |
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Term
| What are the basic components of Latane’s Social Impact Theory? |
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Definition
| Strength of the groups importance, its immediacy and number of group members. |
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Term
| What’s the difference between injunctive and descriptive norms? |
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Definition
| Injunctive is a norm that is commonly approved of or disapproved of. Descriptive norm is what is commonly done about a specific instance. |
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Term
| Define Minority Influence and how this affects larger groups most successfully. |
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Definition
| This is where a minority of a group can influence the behaviors of the majority of the group. The minority can have an influence over the group if their consistent with their point of view. If the majority sees that the minority is unclear about their opinion, they can lose the influence of the majority. |
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Term
| What are idiosyncrasy credits? |
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Definition
| This is the tolerance a person can earn over time by conforming to the groups norms; but this doesn’t mean that the person who conformed cant behave deviantly without retribution from the group on occasion. |
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Term
| True or False: In the Milgram experiments, pleas for help from the victim never made a consistent difference in how participants behaved. |
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Definition
| True; the majority of people kept going even when the pleas for help went up. This might have made some people not want to continue, but a lot of them did anyway. |
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Term
| Which conformity pressures were involved in the Milgram experiments (informational, etc.)? |
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Definition
| Normative social pressures made it difficult for people to refuse to continue. There was informational social influence at play here as well because the person administering the shocks were in a confusing situation, which makes them more likely to conform to informational social influences. |
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|
Term
| What things were shown to reduce compliance in the Milgram experiments? |
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Definition
| If Milgram himself wasn’t telling them to proceed and if another person was around the participant who seemed unsure about continuing. |
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|
Term
| What things were shown to reduce compliance in the Milgram experiments? |
|
Definition
| If Milgram himself wasn’t telling them to proceed and if another person was around the participant who seemed unsure about continuing. |
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Term
| Barbara replies to her therapist, “How do I see myself? Well, I’m socially anxious, insecure, relatively intelligent, and terribly shy.” Barbara’s response reflects her |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The content of the self; that is, our knowledge about who we are. |
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Term
|
Definition
| The capacity for introspection and the ability to reconcile one self as an individual separate from the environment and other individuals. |
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Term
| The _____ function of the self serves as a kind of schema that helps us make sense of information about ourselves and the social world. |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| If you were asked to memorize a list of words such as “warm” and “intelligent,” the self-reference effect suggests it would be easier to memorize if you |
|
Definition
| Apply these terms to yourself or your life |
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Term
| The _____ function of the self helps us organize our behavior and plan for future activities. |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| The development of our sense of self is partly influenced by the culture in which we grow up. For example, in Western cultures people tend to have an _____ view of the self, whereas in non-Western cultures people tend to have an _____ view of the self. |
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Definition
| Independence vs. interpedence |
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Term
| How do men’s and women’s self-concepts differ primarily? |
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Definition
| Women tend to be relationally interdependent and men tend to be collectively interdependent, meaning they focus on their memberships in larger groups like a sports team or a country. |
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Term
| Earl wants to understand his self-concept better, so he sits quietly by himself and thinks about who he is and what his values and attitudes are. What is Earl engaging in? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| From the perspective of self-awareness theory, alcohol abuse, and binge eating are alike in that they |
|
Definition
| Prevent us from looking at ourselves and oppress internal issues. |
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Term
| Robert sits down and writes out a list of all of the reasons he is in love with Eunice. As he is trying to make his list, he finds himself writing criticisms of their relationship as well, such as “We have very little in common.” His list indicates that perhaps he should break up with Eunice, yet his heart tells him they share a special connection. According to information from the text about reasons-generated attitude change, what should Robert do? |
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Definition
| According to the reasons generated attitude change concept, there is a con to over thinking some things and that is what Robert is doing in this case so he should go with his heart. |
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Term
| Simone runs simply because it gives her pleasure to exercise outside and to leave her daily worries behind as she works up a sweat. In this instance, Simone is ____ to run. |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| Stella is very serious about dancing and starts college as a dance major. The more serious she gets about dancing, the more she worries about the pressure to succeed and the rewards associated with succeeding. She finds that dancing feels like a chore and something she has to do rather than wants to do. Her change in her views about dance is due to what social psychologists call |
|
Definition
| Over justification effect |
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|
Term
| Rewards are not as likely to undermine intrinsic motivation when |
|
Definition
| Rewards are based on results. |
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|
Term
| What is the term for someone who is both an analyst AND a therapist? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In China and Japan, parents tend to praise children _________ than they do in the U.S. because ____________. |
|
Definition
| Less, it teaches kids to be intrinsically motivated |
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Term
| Schachter’s two-factor theory of emotion suggests that we first experience ________ and then subsequently seek to ________. |
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Definition
| A physical arousal, explain why we feel it. |
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|
Term
| Define Misattribution of Arousal |
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Definition
| The process whereby people make mistaken inferences about what is causing them to feel the way they do |
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Term
| Give an example of upward social comparison |
|
Definition
| I am a basketball player and I want to emulate my favorite basketball star so I can be as good as he is. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Ingratiation is where an individual attempts to become more attractive or like able to another person. |
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|
Term
| psychological realism definition: |
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Definition
| The extent to which the psychological processes triggered in an experiment are similar to psychological processes that occur in everyday life. |
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|
Term
| Representative Heuristic definition |
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Definition
| A mental shortcut whereby people classify something according to how similar it is to a typical case. |
|
|
Term
| Define Overjustification Effect: |
|
Definition
| The tendency for people to view thier behavior as caused by compelling extrinsic reasons, making them underestimate the extent to it was caused by intrinsic reasons. |
|
|
Term
| Define Availability Heuristic |
|
Definition
| A mental rule of thumb whereby people base a judgement on the ease with which they can bring something to mind |
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|
Term
| Define External Justification |
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Definition
| A reason or an explanation for dissonant personal behavior that resides outside the individual (in order to receive a large reward or avoid a severe punishment). |
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|
Term
| Reasons generated attitude change |
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Definition
| Attitude change resulting from thinking about the reasons for one's attitudes; people assume their attitudes match the reasons that are plausible and easy to verbalize. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Intentional behavior aimed at doing harm or causing pain to another person. |
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|
Term
| Define hostile aggression |
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Definition
| Aggression stemming from feelings of anger and aimed at inflicting pain |
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Term
| Why is Freud’s theory of aggression considered “hydraulic”? |
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Definition
| It is analogous to water pressure building up in a container. If an individual does not aggress, the aggression will build inside that individual until an explosion occurs. |
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Term
| According to evolutionary theory, discussed by the authors of your text, why do males tend to be more violent in their teens and 20’s? |
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Definition
| It makes it more likely that they will pass on their genes in their prime reproductive years |
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Term
| What’s so unusual about the pygmy chimp and how much DNA does it share with humans? |
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Definition
| Pygmy chimps do not aggress when in disagreement but rather have intercourse. There is 98% genetic similarity according to the social psychology textbook. |
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Term
| What, according to the social psychological point of view, is inherited about aggression? |
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Definition
| We have a tendency to respond aggressively to someone provoking us |
|
|
Term
| What specific part of the brain is linked to aggression? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What specific chemical in the body is linked to aggression? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| _____ occurs when a person is thwarted on the way to an expected goal or gratification. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| You are about to leave on vacation and your brother is driving you to the airport. Unfortunately, you get to the airport too late and you find out that your flight has already left. Under which of the following conditions are you most likely to feel aggressive toward your brother and want to scream at him? |
|
Definition
| When you arrive at the airport only a few minutes late as opposed to much longer. |
|
|
Term
| _____ refers to the perception that you (or your group) have less than you were led to expect, or less that similar others have. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Merry and Pippin get into a fistfight in the middle of a gun shop. The presence of the guns would be an example of |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| _____ posits that we learn to aggress by observing and imitating others. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The authors of your text suggest that children see a rather large amount of violence by watching television. Specifically, the average 12-year-old child in the United States has seen about _____ murders |
|
Definition
| 8000 (not a big deal though because it's not OVER 9000!!!!) |
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|
Term
| What type of television show should you invest your marketing dollars in for advertising, since you are trying to do a good job at your new job as marketing director of Bushman’s Beards? |
|
Definition
| A non-violent show where men glorify beards |
|
|
Term
| Give an example of a sexual script. |
|
Definition
| Having one night stands because people think that’s normal or that others are doing it casually |
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|
Term
| _____ can be used to explain why participants will derogate victims after they have done those victims physical or psychological harm. |
|
Definition
| Cognitive Dissonance Theory |
|
|
Term
| How does communication reduce aggression? |
|
Definition
| Properly communicating can lead to proper expression of anger and frustration. The problem is that violent and aggressive expression and good communication skills can help alleviate the aggression. |
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Term
| According to the authors of your text, what are some plausible explanations for the Harris and Klebold’s massacre at Columbine High School? |
|
Definition
| They were bullied, and wished to get revenge. To transform their shame and humiliation into pride. |
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|
Term
| What did Bandura’s Bobo doll experiments show? |
|
Definition
| Children learn aggressive behavior through imitation. |
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|
Term
| I believe aggression forms through forces outside myself. My theory is best described as |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Philip Goldberg (1968) found that women rated articles by female authors differently than by male articles. What do the findings suggest? |
|
Definition
| Women do not see themselves as inferior. |
|
|
Term
| Prejudice refers to both the general attitude structure and the _____ component of a negative attitude toward a group of people. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| When asked to imagine someone who fits the description, “construction worker,” many people picture a man in a hard hat, who is dirty. Such mental images of a group of people are examples of |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Recall that Jeff Stone and his colleagues (1997) exposed participants to a 20-minute audiotape of a college basketball game. Half of the participants were led to believe that one player, Mark Flick, was African American, and the other half were led to believe that Mark Flick was Caucasian. When participants were asked to rate Mark Flick’s performance, what occurred? |
|
Definition
Students that thought he was African-American rated him as having more athletic ability and having played a better game than those who thought he was white.
Students were shown a picture of a white person rated him as having greater hustle and a greater basketball sense. |
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Term
| Researchers found that when men succeed at a given task, participants attribute his success to _____, whereas when women succeed at that same task, participants attribute their success to ______. |
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Definition
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Term
| Research with elementary school girls and boys has revealed that girls tend to make _____ attributions for success, whereas boys tend to make _____ attributions for failure. |
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Definition
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Term
| Name a minority group of people that is currently NOT protected by national laws banning discrimination? |
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Definition
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Term
| Based on research presented in your text by Rohan & Zanna (1996), if Timmy’s parents hold egalitarian beliefs, what types of beliefs is Timmy likely to hold as an adult? |
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Definition
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Term
| “Similar is good, but different is bad” represents a _____ that might contribute to prejudice. |
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Definition
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Term
| What was the gist of the blue-eyes versus brown eyes (and similar) study? |
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Definition
| In-group out-group dynamics |
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Term
| When prejudiced people say, "they all look alike to me," what bias are they illustrating? |
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Definition
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Term
| How are stereotypes automatic? |
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Definition
| Conscious processing allows us to critically examine and question the relevance of the stereotype, but they still occur. |
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Term
| How can conscious processing help counter stereotypes? |
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Definition
| They still occur – it helps judge them & change behavior. |
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Term
| George is rear-ended by a Hispanic woman. Although George usually does not express his prejudice, he gets out of the car and yells several racist and sexist remarks at the driver. This behavior is best explained by what theoretical model? |
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Definition
| Justification Suppression Model |
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Term
| A(n) ______ refers to the tendency to see relations between objects or events that are not actually related. |
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Definition
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Term
| Galen Bodenhausen (1988) had college student participants play the role of jurors in a mock trial. He found that something as simple as _______ evoked dispositional attributions and caused jurors to ignore extenuating circumstances in the case. |
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Definition
| Names that appear to be Hispanic |
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Term
| _____ refers to the apprehension among minority group members that they might confirm to existing cultural stereotypes. |
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Definition
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Term
| Melvin Lerner (1980) has shown that when most people are confronted with evidence of an inequitable outcome that is difficult to explain, they will |
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Definition
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Term
| _____ posits that increased prejudice and discrimination result from limited resources and consequent inter-group conflict. |
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Definition
| Realistic Conflict theory |
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Term
| How are benevolent sexism and hostile sexism alike? |
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Definition
| They are both traditional sexist views of women |
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Term
| When social psychologists define a social group as a collection of interdependent people, they mean that |
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Definition
| People in a social group define themselves as more a part of the group they belong to. (Influence each other) |
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Term
| What are three benefits associated with groups, according to the authors of your text? |
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Definition
-Help establish social norms, help us define who we are, act as a source of information.
-They help us to define who we are, act as a source of information or helping to establish social norms. |
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Term
| Shared group expectations about how particular group members are expected to behave are called |
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Definition
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Term
| Which study, discussed in your text, best mirror the prisoner abuse at Abu Ghraib? |
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Definition
| The prison experiment they did at Stanford. |
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Term
| List three positives of group cohesiveness. |
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Definition
| Members are to stay in the group, participate with group activities and recruit new members. |
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Term
| Social facilitation is most likely to occur when |
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Definition
| When people are around who are going to evaluate your performance and the task is familiar/simple. |
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Term
| You are a good golfer and you’ve invited a few friends golfing. They are watching you tee off and their presence has an effect on you. Your ability performance would likely increase or decrease? |
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Definition
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Term
| Define social loafing, and list what most contributes. |
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Definition
| People relax when others are around who are not judging your performance. |
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Term
| Research on deindividuation suggests that when people are part of a crowd, they become |
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Definition
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Term
| Groupthink occurs when groups value ________ over _________. |
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Definition
| The groups cohesiveness and consider facts in an accurate manner. |
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Term
| Compared to individuals deciding alone, members of groups tend to make decisions that are |
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Definition
| More extreme they would deciding alone. |
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Term
| What are the two different interpretations that have been proposed to explain group polarization? |
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Definition
| The persuasive arguments interpretation and The social comparison interpretation. |
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Term
| Proponents of the _____ theory of leadership assume that certain key personality traits (e.g., decisiveness, intelligence, compassion) make someone a good leader. |
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Definition
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Term
| __________ leaders set clear, short-term goals, and reward followers who meet them, __________ leaders inspire followers to focus on common long-term goals. |
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Definition
Transactional.
Transformational. |
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Term
| How does gender play into perceptions of leadership ability? |
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Definition
| Females are looked at as not leader material. They are viewed as less capable of being leaders. |
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Term
| True or False: In the early trucking studies by Morton Deutsch and Robert Krauss (1960, 1962), it was found that allowing the competing participants to communicate during the game fostered trust and cooperation. |
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Definition
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Term
| True or False: Arranged marriages in many Eastern cultures often create very successful unions. |
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Definition
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Term
| The more we see and interact with other people, the more likely they are to become our friends. This statement captures the essence of the ______ effect. |
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Definition
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Term
| In a study by McKenna and colleagues (2002), participants talked either via the Internet or face-to-face with another participant. One finding from this study suggests that meeting via the internet led to _____________ attraction. |
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Definition
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Term
| According to research presented by the authors of your text, someone who is low-skilled in their interpersonal style would be more likely to have a better friendship with someone who is ____ skilled. |
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Definition
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Term
| The authors of your text discuss several ways in which similarity leads to attractions. Name three. |
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Definition
| If you agree with someone’s opinions, similar personality characteristics, and when people have similar interpersonal style and communications skills |
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Term
| Regarding attraction, men, more than women, are more influenced by physical attractiveness when _____ are being measured than when _____ are being measured. |
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Definition
| Attitude and Actual behaviors. |
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Term
| What characteristics of the human face do both men and women find attractive in the women and men that they are attracted to? |
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Definition
| When a face is symmetrical, larger eyes, prominent cheek bones and a big smile. |
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Term
| Research has found that there is agreement across cultures in what constitutes an attractive face; that infants prefer photographs of attractive faces to unattractive ones and that they prefer the same faces that adults do; and that statistically average faces tend to be seen as attractive. These findings provide support for a(n) __________ interpretation of the importance of physical attractiveness. |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the halo effect and how does culture play a part? |
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Definition
| When attractive people are subconsciously given socially desirable traits. |
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Term
| What are the basic concepts of social exchange theory regarding relationships? |
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Definition
| The way people feel about their relationship is dependent on their perceptions of rewards and costs of the relationship, what kind of relationship they deserve, and the probability that they can have a better relationship with another. |
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Term
| What are the basic concepts of equity theory regarding relationships? |
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Definition
| When people are happiest with relationships when the rewards, costs and contributions are about equal. |
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Term
| According to Elaine Hatfield (1988), passionate love is associated with _____, whereas companionate love is associated with _____. |
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Definition
| Passionate love; Companion love |
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Term
| According to Elaine Hatfield (1988), passionate love is associated with _____, whereas companionate love is associated with _____. |
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Definition
| Avoidant Attachment Style. |
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Term
| According to a survey conducted by Hazan and Shaver (1987), which attachment style do most people have? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| The loosening of normal behavior for a person because of the feeling of anonymity (usually when people are in a group or crowd). |
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Term
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Definition
| Any aspect of group interaction that inhibits good problem solving. |
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Term
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Definition
| This is when a group makes higher risk decisions more than the individuals in the group normally would. |
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Term
| Describe a transactional leader. |
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Definition
| Give clear, short-term goals which they reward people who meet these goals. |
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Term
| Julianna likes to contribute to worthy charities because she can help others and, at the same time, get a tax deduction. Julianna is engaging in __________ behavior. |
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Definition
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Term
| Evolutionary psychology is the study of |
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Definition
| This studies social behaviors that have to do with genetic factors that evolved over time. These genetic factors are a part of the natural selection principle. |
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Term
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Definition
| This is the idea that behaviors that help a relative who is genetically related to you are chosen by natural selection. |
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Term
| Helga stops and helps Bjorn change a flat tire along the road because she figures that one day she’ll need help and someone will return the favor. This best illustrates the idea of |
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Definition
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Term
| According to _____, helping occurs only when the benefits of helping outweigh the costs. |
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Definition
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Term
| “Put yourself in my position,” Janice whines. “Can’t you spare an hour to help me out?” Janice is attempting to evoke _____ when trying to persuade you to help her. |
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Definition
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Term
| How are empathy and helping behavior associated? |
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Definition
| If you feel empathy for someone, you are more likely to help despite what is in it for you. But if there are no feelings of empathy, the social exchange concerns happen with people. They will see the costs and benefits for helping. |
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Term
| List the three main motives as to why people help others. |
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Definition
1.) To promote welfare to those genetically close to us, we help each other instinctively.
2.) Usually the rewards outweigh the costs when we help, so it’s in our self-interest.
3.) When empathy is felt, there can be feelings of compassion for the person in need of help which prompts us to act selflessly by helping. |
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Term
| What information is helpful knowing in order to best predict whether people will help another person? |
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Definition
| Situational pressures, gender, cultural background, religious background and current mood. |
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Term
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Definition
| It’s the group with which we identify ourselves as a member of. |
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Term
| What is the “feel good, do good” effect? |
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Definition
| Being in a good mood can increase helping because good moods tend to help people give others the benefit of the doubt, it’s a good way to prolong a good mood and also because good moods make us pay more attention to ourselves and our values. |
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Term
| The ______ hypothesis refers to the idea that people will often help to alleviate their own sadness and distress. |
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Definition
| Negative state relief (feel bad, Do good). |
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Term
| According to Stanley Milgram’s (1970) ______________ hypothesis, compared to rural dwellers, people in large cities are bombarded with stimulation and work to reduce it by keeping to themselves. |
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Definition
| Urban overload Hypothesis. |
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Term
| According to the bystander effect (Latané & Darley, 1970), if you just witnessed a mugging, you will be most likely to call for help if you |
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Definition
| Are the only person around, or if there isn’t a good number of people around who witnessed the crime. |
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Term
| Pluralistic ignorance is an example of the power of_________ to inhibit helping. |
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Definition
| Informational Social Influence |
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Term
| A primary focus of the field of “positive psychology” is the study of |
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Definition
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Term
| If you were an employer who wanted to increase volunteerism among your employees, what strategy would you employ in order to increase the chances that the employees would continue to volunteer in the future? |
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Definition
| I would not require them to volunteer, but would encourage them to go volunteer and preserve the sense that they freely chose to do so. |
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