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Social Psychology Alive!
Chapters 3-5
87
Psychology
Undergraduate 1
09/28/2009
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Term
categorization
 Definition
the process of recognizing and identifying something

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Term
social cognition
 Definition
the study of how information about people is processed and stored

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the way we think about others
Term
schemas
 Definition
mental representations of objects or categories, which contain the central features of the object or category as well as assumptions about how the object or category works

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Term
associative network
 Definition
a very large system of schemas that are linked together on the basis of shared meaning or shared experience; it is one way to conceptualize the way in which information is organized in memory

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Term
spreading activation
 Definition
the process by which the use of one schema increases the likelihood that other, related schemas in memory will also be used

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Term
encoding
 Definition
the process of getting information into memory, including attention, comprehension, and storage

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Term
retrieval
 Definition
the process of getting information out of memory

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Term
accessibility
 Definition
the ease with which a schema comes to awareness

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Term
priming
 Definition
the process by which the activation of a schema increases the likelihood that the schema will be activated again in the future

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Term
chronic accessibility
 Definition
the degree to which schemas are easily activated for an individual across time and situations

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Term
stereotype
 Definition
a set of characteristics that a perceiver associates with members of a group

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Term
outgroup homogeneity effect
 Definition
the tendency for people to overestimate the similarity within groups to which they do not belong

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Term
automatic process
 Definition
a judgment or thought that we cannot control, which occurs without intention, very efficiently and sometimes beneath our awareness

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Term
controlled process
 Definition
a judgment or thought that we command, which is intentional, requires significant cognitive resources, and occurs within our awareness

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Term
reconstructive memory
 Definition
the process of trying to rebuild the past based on cues and estimates

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Term
autobiographical memory
 Definition
stored information about the self, such as goals, personality traits, past experience, and other qualities

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Term
blank lineup
 Definition
a group of individuals that does not include the suspect; everyone in the lineup is known to be innocent

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Term
sequential lineup
 Definition
the procedure of showing an eyewitness each individual in the group separately rather than together in a simultaneous lineup

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Term
heuristic
 Definition
an informal rule or shortcut that is used to make everyday judgments

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Term
cognitive miser model
 Definition
a view of information processing that assumes people usually rely on heuristics to make judgments and only engage in careful, thoughtful processing when necessary

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Term
availability heuristic
 Definition
the tendency to base a judgment on how easily relevant examples can be generated

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Term
representativeness heuristic
 Definition
the tendency to judge the likelihood that a target belongs to a category based on how similar the target is to the typical features of the category

if something has several characteristics of a category, it is probably a part of that category

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Term
illusory correlation
 Definition
the belief that two variables are related to one another when, in fact, they are not

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Term
hindsight bias
 Definition
the tendency for people to overestimate the predictability of known outcomes

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Term
perseverance effect
 Definition
the tendency for people to make self-evaluations that are consistent with information that has been discredited

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Term
counterfactual thoughts
 Definition
reflections on how past events might have turned out differently

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Term
upward counterfactual thoughts
 Definition
reflections on how past events might have turned out better

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Term
downward counterfactual thoughts
 Definition
reflections on how past events might have turned out worse

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Term
self-serving judgments
 Definition
perceptions or comparisons that enhance the perceived worth of the self

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Term
Sinclair and Kunda
 Definition
found that some men selectively activated a negative stereotype of women to disparage a female manager's evaluation of them

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Term
mood-congruent recall
 Definition
the idea that positive feelings will activate positive memories and negative feelings will activate negative memories

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Term
attributions
 Definition
causal judgments about why an event or behavior occurred

to what are someone's actions attributed?

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Term
intuitive scientists
 Definition
untrained scientists who try to make a causal judgments in a rational, scientific manner

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Term
covariation model of attribution
 Definition
an attribution theory proposing that we make causal judgments by determining whether a particular behavior correlated with a person, a situation, or some combination of persons and situations

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Term
false consensus effect
 Definition
the tendency to assume that other people share our own attitudes and behaviors to a greater extent than is actually the case

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Term
discounting principle
 Definition
a rule of attribution which states that the perceived role of a cause will be discounted (reduced) if other plausible causes are also present

external--it's not them, it's the situation

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Term
augmentation principle
 Definition
a rule of attribution which states that the perceived role of a cause will be augmented (increased) if other factors are present that would work against the behavior

internal--it's them

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Term
correspondence bias
 Definition
the tendency to assume that people's actions and words reflect their personality, their attitudes, or some other internal factor, rather than external or situational factors

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Term
nonverbal behavior
 Definition
actions and cues that communicate meaning in ways other than by words

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Term
display rules
 Definition
norms in a culture for how and when emotions should be expressed

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Term
looking glass self
 Definition
the tendency to internalize other people's judgments about us into our self-concept

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Term
social comparison
 Definition
the process of comparing ourselves to others in order to judge the self

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Term
upward social comparison
 Definition
social comparison with people who are better off or more skilled than we are

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Term
downward social comparison
 Definition
social comparison with people who are worse off or less skilled than we are

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Term
relative deprivation
 Definition
a feeling of anger or resentment about our outcomes based on comparisons with better-off others

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Term
social comparison orientation
 Definition
a disposition that represents how often people engage in social comparison

Gibbons and Buunk's scale to measure individuals' tendencies to engage in social comparison

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Term
self-perception theory
 Definition
a theory proposing that that we often judge our own internal states by reviewing our past behavior and inferring internal states consistent with our behavior unless there were clear external causes of our behavior

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Term
overjustification effect
 Definition
an inference that we performed a potentially enjoyable activity for external reasons (e.g. reward) rather than because we enjoyed it

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Term
bias blind spot
 Definition
the tendency to think that biases and errors in judgments are more common in others than in ourselves

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Term
individualist cultures
 Definition
cultures in which people are seen as independent beings who possess stable abilities, traits, and attitudes

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Term
collectivist cultures
 Definition
cultures in which people are seen as interdependent beings who should contribute to harmonious group functioning

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Term
self-efficacy
 Definition
the belief that we are capable of performing a particular behavior that is required for a certain goal

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Term
illusion of control
 Definition
the tendency to overestimate our control of situations and events

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Term
learned helplessness
 Definition
a state of apathy in which we simply give up trying to achieve our goals

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Term
false hope syndrome
 Definition
the tendency to try repeatedly but unsuccessfully to achieve a goal because of unrealistic expectations about the likelihood of success

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Term
actual self
 Definition
a conception of the self describing our perception of how we really are

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Term
ideal self
 Definition
a conception of the self describing our perception of how we would ideally like to be

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Term
ought self
 Definition
a conception of ourself describing out perception of how we think we should or ought to be

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Term
self-discrepancy theory
 Definition
a theory proposing that perceived differences between the actual self and the ideal self produce depression, and perceived differences between the actual self and the ought self produce anxiety

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Term
self-presentation
 Definition
the deliberate control of our public behavior to create a certain impression

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Term
impression management
 Definition
self-presentation

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Term
ingratiation
 Definition
behavior designed to make someone respect us

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Term
self-promotion
 Definition
behavior designed to make someone respect us

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Term
self-handicapping
 Definition
the tendency to seek, create, or claim inhibitory factors that interfere with performance and thus provide an explanation for potential failure

an excuse to perform poorly when you think you will

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Term
self-handicapping scale
 Definition
a scale that measures how often people engage in self-handicapping behavior

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Term
actor-observer difference
 Definition
a pattern of differences in attributions in which actors tend to make external attributions for their own behavior, whereas observers tend to make internal attributions for the same actions

you speed because you are late to something, observers think you speed because you're an asshole

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Term
dispositions
 Definition
individuals' consistencies across time and settings in a specific type of feeling, thought, and/or action, which make individuals different from other people

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Term
self-esteem
 Definition
a disposition that represents people's judgments of their own worthiness

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Term
self-concept
 Definition
all information about the self in memory

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Term
identity
 Definition
the characteristics that individuals think define them and make up their most important qualities

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Term
spontaneous self-concept
 Definition
the aspects of identity that are in conscious awareness at a given point in time

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Term
social identity theory
 Definition
a model hypothesizing that people want to have positive appraisals of groups to which they belong

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Term
minimal group paradigm
 Definition
a procedure in which participants are divided into groups based on trivial features or information

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Term
optimal distinctiveness theory
 Definition
a model hypothesizing that people want to maintain a balance between similarity to other people and individuality from other people

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Term
narcissism
 Definition
a disposition that represents the extent to which people have excessive love for themselves

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Term
threatened egotism
 Definition
a hostile, aggressive response to criticism from others, which has been linked to narcissism

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Term
secure high self-esteem
 Definition
a positive self-view that is confidently held

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Term
defensive high self-esteem
 Definition
a positive self-view that is fragile and vulnerable to threat

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Term
parental investment hypothesis
 Definition
the idea that having children is more costly for women than for men, which has led to the evolution of some differences between the sexes in the characteristics they seek in mates

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Term
self-monitoring
 Definition
a disposition that represents the extent to which people rely on external or internal cues to guide their behavior

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Term
need for cognition
 Definition
a disposition that represents how much people enjoy and engage in thinking

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Term
achievement motivation
 Definition
a disposition that represents the extent to which people are positively or negatively aroused by performance settings

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Term
Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)
 Definition
a procedure that involves showing participants drawings of ambiguous scenes and asking them to write stories about what is happening, which are then scored for the presence of particular themes

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Term
uncertainty orientation
 Definition
a disposition that represents the extent to which people want to learn new things about themselves and their environment

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Term
dispositional optimism
 Definition
a disposition that represents the extent to which people have positive, confident expectations about their own future outcomes

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Term
Life Orientation Test (LOT)
 Definition
a measure of dispositional optimism (positive, confident expectations about a person's future outcomes)

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Term
"Type A" coronary-prone behavior pattern
 Definition
a constellation of characteristics, including impatience, anger, and hostility, that has been linked to heart disease

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