Term
|
Definition
| the study of how we form impressions of other people & make inferences about them ; understanding, explaining, and predicting social behavior |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| refers to how people communicate intentionally or unintentionally without words; facial expressions, tone of voice, gestures, body position, use of touch, eye gaze, etc. |
|
|
Term
| Darwin's universality hypothesis |
|
Definition
| Charles Darwin's theory that primary emotions [conveyed by facial expressions] are encoded and decoded the same way across cultures |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Encode is to express emotion and decode is to interpret emotion |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Happiness, anger, sadness, fear, disgust, surprise. |
|
|
Term
| Affect blends (facial expression) |
|
Definition
| expressing more than one emotion at once |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the social acceptability of display of emotion (can be contextually driven) |
|
|
Term
| Culture and non-verbal communication |
|
Definition
| Individualistic cultures encourage expression of emotion while collectivist cultures discourage (because it can disrupt the harmony of the group) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
non-verbal gestures that have well-understood definitions within a given culture
ex. peace sign, middle finger, etc. |
|
|
Term
| Implicit personality theories |
|
Definition
type of schema people use to group various personality traits together to form impressions; not always accurate
ex. beautiful people are inherently good as well |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| explanations for our own behavior and the behavior of others |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Harold Kelley (1967); to form an attribution about what caused a person's behavior, we note the pattern between the presence of possible causal factors and whether or not the behavior occurs; based on multiple observations |
|
|
Term
| Covariation model (aspects) |
|
Definition
| Consensus, distinctiveness, consistency |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the inference that a person is behaving in a certain way because of his attitude, character, or personality (internal factors) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the inference that a person is behaving is a certain way because of the situation they are in; the assumption is that most people would respond the same way in that situation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| refers to how other people react towards the same stimuli |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| refers to the extent to which one particular actor (person who's behavior we are trying to explain) behaves in the same way to different stimuli |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| refers to how often the behavior happens |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| point of focus; information that is the focus of people's attention; people tend to overestimate the causal role of perceptually salient information |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the tendency to infer that people's behavior corresponds to their disposition/personality (fundamental attribution error) |
|
|
Term
| Two-step process of attribution |
|
Definition
1. make an internal attribution (assume the person's behavior is due to their disposition/personality)
2. attempt to adjust this attribution by considering the situation the person was it |
|
|
Term
| Attributions and self-esteem |
|
Definition
| people engage in self-serving attributions when self-esteem is threatened; successes = internal attributions while failures = external attributions |
|
|
Term
| Actor/observer difference |
|
Definition
| The tendency to see other people's behavior motivated by internal factors while if we are in that situation, we will justify it by external factors |
|
|
Term
| Self-serving attributions |
|
Definition
explanation for one's successes through internal factors while one's failures are justified by external factors
(self-esteem and attribution) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
explanations that allow us to avoid feelings of vulnerability and mortality
ex. unrealistic optimism about the future |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
the idea that the world is fair; a form of defensive attribution wherein people assume that bad things happen to bad people and good things happen to good people
ex. blaming the victim, karma |
|
|
Term
| Causal attributions and psychopathology |
|
Definition
|
|
