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| Simple rules fr making complex decisions or drawing inferences in a rapid, and seemingly effortless manner. |
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| Our current feelings and moods. |
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| Instances in which our ability to process information is exceeded. |
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| Conditions of uncertainty |
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| Where the "correct" answer is difficult to know or would take a great deal of effort to determine. |
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| Summary of the common attributes possessed by members of a category. |
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| A strategy for making judgments based on the extent to which current stimuli or events resemble other stimuli or categories. |
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| A strategy for making judgments on the basis of how easily specific kinds of information can be brought to mind. |
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Term
| Anchoring and adjustment heuristic |
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Definition
| A heuristic that involves the tendency to use a number of value as a starting point t which we then make adjustments. |
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Term
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Definition
| Mental frameworks centering on a specific theme that help us to organize social information. |
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| A situation that occurs when stimuli or events increase the availability in memory or consciousness of specific types of information held in memory. |
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| Refers to the fact that the efforts of the schemas tend to persist until they are somehow expressed in thought or behavior and only then do their effects decrease. |
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| The tendency for brliefs and schemas to remain unchanged even in the face of contradictory information. |
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| A linguistic device that relates or draws a comparison between one abstract concept and another dissimilar concept. |
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Term
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| This occurs when, after extensive experience with a task or type of information, we reach the stage where we can perform the task or process the information in a seemingly effortless, automatic, and nonconscious manner. |
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Definition
| Our predisposition to expect things to turn out well overall. |
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Definition
| The tendency to have more confidence in the accuracy of our own judgments than is reasonable. |
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| The tendency to make optimistic predictions concerning how long a given task will take for competion. |
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Term
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| The tendency to imagine oter outcomes in a situation than the ones that actually occurred. ("What might have been") |
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Definition
| Thinking involving assumptions that don't hold up to rational scrutiny--for example, the belief that things that resemble one another share fundamental properties. |
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| Our effort to come to terms with certainty of our own death and its unsettling implications. |
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| The fact that we are more likely to store or remember positive information when in a positive mood and negative information when in a bad mood. |
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| The fact that what we remember while in a given mood may be determined, in part, by what we learned when previously in that mood. |
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| Predictions about how we would feel about events we have not actually experienced. |
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| Evaluation of various aspects of the social world. |
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| Consciously accessible attitudes that are controllable and easy to report. |
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| Unconscious associations between objects and evaluative responses. |
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Definition
| The process through which we acquire new information, forms of behavior, or attitudes from other people. |
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Term
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Definition
| A basic form of learning in which one stimulus, initially neutral, acquires the capacity to evoke reactions through repeated pairing with another stimulus. In a sense, one stimulus becomes a signal for the presentation or occurrence of the other. |
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Term
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Definition
| A stimulus that evokes a positive or negative response without substantial learning. |
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Definition
| The stimulus that comes t stand for or signal a prior unconditioned stimulus. |
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Term
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Definition
| Classical conditioning of attitudes by exposure to stimuli that are below individuals' threshold of conscious awareness. |
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Term
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Definition
| By having seen before, but not necessarily remembering having done so, attitudes toward an object can be formed. |
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Term
"llusion of truth" effect
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Definition
| The mere repetition of information creates a sense of familiarity and more positive attitudes. |
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Term
| Instrumental conditioning |
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Definition
| A basic form of learning in which responses that lead to positive outcomes or which permit avoidance of negative outcomes are strengthened. |
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| Composed of individuals with whom we have interpersonal relationships and interact with on a regular basis. |
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Definition
| A basic form of learning in which individuals acquire new forms of behavior as a result of observing others. |
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Term
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Definition
| The process which we compare ourseves to others to determine whether or not our view of social reality is, or is not correct. |
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Term
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Definition
| Groups of people with whom we identify and whose opinions we value. |
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Term
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Definition
| When we collectively misunderstand what attitudes others hold and believe erroneously that others have different attitudes than us. |
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Term
| Theory of reasoned action |
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Definition
| A theory suggesting that the decision to engage in a particular behavior is the result of a rational process in which behavioral options are considered, consequences or outcomes of each are evaluated, and a decision is reached to act or not to act. That decision is then reflected in behavioral intentions, which strongly influence overt behavior. |
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| Theory of planned behavior |
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Definition
| An extension of the theory of reasoned actions, suggesting that in addition to attitudes toward a given behavior and subjective normas about it, individuals also consider their ability to perform the behavior. |
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Term
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Definition
| A plan for how to implement our intentions to carry out some action. |
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Term
Attitude-to-behavior process model
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Definition
| A model of how attitudes guide behavior that emphasizes the influence of attitudes and stored knowledge of what is appropriate in a given situation and on an individual's definition of the present situation. This definition, in turn,influences overt behavior. |
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Term
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Definition
| Efforts to change others' attitudes through the use of various kinds of messages. |
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Definition
| Attempting to change people's behaviors by use of a message that induces fear. |
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Term
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Definition
| Processing of information in a persuasive message that involved careful consideration of message content and ideas. |
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Term
| Central route to persuasion |
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Definition
| Attitude change resulting from systematic processing of information presented in persuasive messages. |
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Term
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Definition
| Processing of information in a persuasive message that involves the use of simple rules of thumb or mental shortcuts. |
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Term
| Peripheral route to persuasion |
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Definition
| Attitude change that occurs in response to peripheral persuasion cues, which is often based on information concerning the expertise or status of would be persuaders. |
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Term
| Elaboration-likelihood model (ELM) |
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Definition
| A theory suggesting that persuasion can occur in either of two distinct ways, differing in the amount of cognitive effort or elaboration the message receives. |
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Term
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Definition
| Negative reactions to treats to one's personal freedom. Reactance often increases resistance to persuasion and can even produce negative attitude change or opposite to what was intended. |
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Term
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Definition
| Advance knowledge that one is about to become the target or an attempt at persuasion. Forewarning often increases resistance to the persuasion that follows. |
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Term
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Definition
| A tendency to direct attention away from information that challenges existing attitudes. Such avoidance increases resistance to persuasion. |
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Term
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Definition
| Limited capacity to engage our willpower and control our own thinking and emotions. |
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Term
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Definition
| When our capacity to self-regulate has been reduced because of prior expenditures of limited resources. |
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Term
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Definition
| An internal stte that results when individuals notice inconsistency between two or more attitudes or between their attitudes and their behavior. |
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