Term
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Definition
| A preliminary examination of a witness or a juror by a judge or counsel. |
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Term
| What is a peremptory challenge? |
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Definition
| Dismissal of a limited number of prospective jurors without the judge’s approval |
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Term
| Describe exclusion for cause |
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Definition
| An attempt to disqualify a prospective juror for a specific reason requiring judge’s approval |
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Term
| What is the misinformation effect? |
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Definition
| Incorporating "misinformation" into one's memory of an event |
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Term
| Describe the effects of retelling |
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Definition
| Retelling events commits people to their recollections, accurate or not. An accurate retelling helps them resist misleading suggestions |
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Term
| What is the cognitive interview? |
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Definition
| A method by which police can elicit more accurate information from an interview while limiting the misinformation effect |
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Term
| What are familiarity induced biases? |
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Definition
| The tendency for people to remember a face but to forget the circumstances in which they saw the face |
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Term
| What does death qualified jury mean? |
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Definition
| Exclusion of jurors who report they would be unable to vote for the death penalty |
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Term
| Gary Wells and his colleagues reviewed 40 cases in which DNA testing was used to determine the actual guilt or innocence of a convicted felon. What were the results of the study? |
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Definition
-36 of 40 cases reviewed involved erroneous eyewitnesses identification
-5 of the falsely accused were on death row
-The most common cause of wrongful conviction is eyewitness testimony |
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Term
| Describe the results of the study conducted by Sheppard & Vidmar (1980). How did retelling what they had seen affect how favorable eyewitnesses were toward the defendant? |
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Definition
Eyewitnesses initially interviewed by defense attorney gave testimony more favorable to the defendant and vice versa.
Witnesses changed voice intonation and choice of words rather than omission of facts depending for whom they were testifying |
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Term
| Describe the study by Loftus in which students were presented with a case based on circumstantial evidence only or circumstantial plus an eyewitness. What were the results? |
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Definition
-18% circumstantial evidence only voted guilty
-72% circumstantial evidence and eyewitness voted guilty
-68% voted guilty even if witness discredited |
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Term
| What are some of the recommended ways to improve correct identification in the lineup process? |
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Definition
-A lineup should include 4 to 8 foils who match the general description or resemble the suspect
-Instruct the eyewitness that the suspect may or may not be in the lineup |
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Term
| Describe the research that has examined the effect of pretrial publicity on jurors’ likelihood of voting guilty. |
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Definition
-Media gets most of its information from police and district attorney
-People exposed to lurid or emotional pretrial information more likely vote guilty
-Telling jurors to disregard pretrial information doesn't work! |
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Term
| Describe the differences between six-person and twelve-person juries. |
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Definition
-Smaller juries reduce probability that minority members will be included
-72% chance at least one minority will be on a 12-person vs. a 47 person% chance on 6-person jury
-A minority of one on a 6-person jury is much more likely to conform to the group than a minority of one on a 12-person jury |
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Term
| Describe the study by Malpass and Devine (1981) that examined the effect of biased vs. unbiased instructions in the lineup identification process. What were the results of their study? |
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Definition
Participants who were led to believe the culprit was in the lineup were more likely to pick an innocent person.
-If culprit present, 0% false IDs with unbiased instruction, 25% false IDs with biased instruction
-If culprit absent, 33% false IDs with unbiased instructions, 78% with biased |
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Term
| According to the National Institute of Justice approximately how many criminal charges per year are based solely on eyewitness testimony? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is scientific jury selection? |
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Definition
| Using statistics to determine the best candidates to vote in favor of your side |
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Term
| How does training police to use the cognitive interview affect the amount of information eyewitness yield? Does the cognitive interview affect the likelihood of error? |
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Definition
-Increased information elicited by 50%
-No significant increase in false memory |
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Term
| How can accuracy in eyewitness identification in the police lineup and photo identification process be improved? |
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Definition
-Show witness the possible suspects one at a time
-Have the lineup administrator be someone unfamiliar with the case so he or she doesn't give unconscious clues |
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Term
| Describe the study by Wiseman (1998) conducted in cooperation with the BBC. What characteristic of the suspect was most likely to affect viewers’ likelihood of voting guilty? |
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Definition
-64,000 BBC viewers shown evidence of a burglary perpetrated by attractive or unattractive actor
-41% guilty for unattractive perpetrator
31% guilty for attractive perpetrator |
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Term
| What are the traits and characteristics of death qualified juries? |
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Definition
People who support the death penalty are…
-More prosecution-minded
-More concerned about crime
-More trustful of police
-More cynical of defense attorneys
-Less tolerant of laws and procedures to protect the accused
-More likely to vote guilty |
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Term
| According to lecture, how is stress defined? |
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Definition
| A state of arousal that arises when we perceive that the demands of a situation threaten our ability to cope effectively |
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Term
| Describe the two types of appraisals people make when assessing a potentially stressful event proposed by Lazurus. |
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Definition
Primary appraisal: Personally relevant and stressful
Secondary appraisal: Perceived coping skills |
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Term
| What is General Adaption Syndrome? |
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Definition
| The three stages a body goes through in reaction to stress; includes alarm stage, resistance stage and exhaustion stage |
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Term
| What is a Type A personality? A Type D? |
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Definition
Type A's are competitive, impatient, and angry
Type D's are individuals who suppress and rarely express unpleasant or negative emotions |
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Term
| Describe the studies linking catastrophes to health related problems |
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Definition
Significant increase in heart attacks the day following the 1994 Los Angeles earthquake
Increases in calls to crisis centers and ERs following eruption of Mt St Helens
Significant increase in illness following plane crash in Lockerbie, Scotland |
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Term
| What are the symptoms of post-traumatic stress disorder? |
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Definition
Recurring anxiety
Guilt
Sleep disorders
Nightmares
Flashbacks
Intrusive thoughts
Attention problems
Diminished hedonic capacity |
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Term
| According to Selye’s General Adaptation Syndrome, why does prolonged exposure to stress affect an individual’s health? |
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Definition
| Your body depletes its stores of energy from being constantly stressed (leading to exhaustion), your immune system is depressed in order to compensate for the fight or flight (leading to illness) |
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Term
| Describe the studies on laboratory animals and humans linking stress with an impaired immune system |
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Definition
Laboratory animals exposed to prolonged stress have a drop in immune cell activity
Laboratory animals injected with live cancer cells more likely to die of tumors if they receive inescapable shock
People under stress who were exposed to a cold virus experience more severe symptoms
Students have a weakened immune response system during final exams |
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Term
| What does research suggest about the relationship between personality and coronary heart disease? |
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Definition
Elevated physiology and stress hormones
Increased stress on the heart
Stress hormones believed to accelerate the build-up of plaque on the walls of the heart’s arteries
Unhealthy lifestyles |
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Term
| What is catastrophic thinking? |
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Definition
| The tendency to perceive minor problems as disasters and to exaggerate their consequences |
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Term
| Describe Ellis’s ABC model of catastrophic thinking. |
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Definition
A- Activating event (failing a test)
B- Belief system (I'm not as smart as others, I'll never graduate)
C- Consequences (feeling worthless, depression may develop) |
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Term
| 9. Describe the research that has shown that laughter, exercise and social support can mediate the negative effects of stress |
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Definition
-Rates of depression drop after a 10 week exercise program
-Laughter and a sense of humor are associated with stress management, increased tolerance to pain, and lower risk for illness
Studies reveal that people with social support networks cope better with stress, are less vulnerable to disease, have better recovery following an illness, and live longer |
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Term
| Describe the differences between optimists and pessimists in how they explain their successes and failures |
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Definition
Pessimists attribute failure to causes that are internal, stable, and global and success to causes that are external, temporary, and specific
Optimists attribute failure to causes that are external, temporary, and specific while attributing success to causes that are internal, stable, and global |
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Term
| What are the benefits of self-efficacy? |
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Definition
Influences people’s persistence and effort at a task
Less anxiety when working on a difficult task
Stronger immune defense system |
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Term
| What are the three C’s of the hardy personality? |
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Definition
Commitment: A sense of purpose with regard to work, family, and other domains
Challenge: Openness to new experience and a desire to embrace change
Control: The belief that one has the power to influence important future outcomes |
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Term
| How do social isolates differ health-wise with people who have close relationships? |
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Definition
Social isolates have more health-related problems, experience more stress, sleep less well, and are more likely to commit suicide
People with close relationships have better health, healthier immune systems, are less vulnerable to disease, and live longer |
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Term
| Describe the research that has shown a positive effect on confiding with others and health |
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Definition
Spouses that lost their partner to suicide or car accidents had more health related problems if they bore their grief alone
Women who were victims of sexual abuse experience more health problems if they did not confide in someone
People who about a traumatic experience in a journal experience fewer health related problems |
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Term
| How does the health of married people differ from their unmarried counterparts? |
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Definition
Compared to their unmarried counterparts, married people tend to live longer, healthier lives regardless of age, sex, race or income
They suffer fewer headaches and backaches, experience less stress, drink and smoke less |
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Term
| Describe the research showing the negative effects that losing a partner can have on a person’s health |
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Definition
A Finnish study of 96,000 newly widowed people found their risk of death doubled a week following their partner’s death
Widowed people become more vulnerable to disease and death
A study of 30,000 men revealed that when a marriage ends, men drink and more and eat fewer vegetables |
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Term
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Definition
| A state of disharmony between incompatible or antithetical persons, ideas, or interests; a clash |
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Term
| What is a social dilemma? |
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Definition
| When self-interests contribute to the collective detriment (overpopulation etc) |
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Term
| Describe the "prisoner's dilemma" |
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Definition
| A scenario in which two prisoners are being interrogated and each has incentive to accuse the other of committing a crime. If you snitch, you go free. If he snitches, you get 10 years. If neither snitches, you both get 1 year. If both snitch, you each receive 5 years |
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Term
| What is the tragedy of the commons? |
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Definition
| The “Commons” is any shared and limited resource. If everybody uses resources in moderation the resource can replenish itself over time. The “tragedy” occurs when individuals consume more than their share and the resource is depleted |
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Term
| What are zero sum and non-zero sum games? |
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Definition
Zero-sum games have only one winner
Non-zero-sum games hold that with cooperation, both can win but with competition, both can lose |
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Term
| What are mirror-image perceptions? |
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Definition
| Reciprocal views of one another often held by parties in conflict, i.e., each party views itself as moral and just and the other as evil and aggressive |
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Term
| What is equal status contact? |
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Definition
| Contact on an equal basis. Just as a relationship between people of unequal status breeds attitudes consistent with their relationship, so do relationships between those of equal status. |
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Term
| What is a superordinate goal? |
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Definition
| A shared goal that necessitates cooperative effort; a goal that overrides people's differences from one another |
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Term
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Definition
| Seeking an agreement to a conflict through direct negotiation between parties |
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Term
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Definition
| An attempt by a neutral third party to resolve a conflict by facilitating communication and offering suggestions |
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Term
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Definition
| Resolution of a conflict by a neutral third party who studies both sides and imposes a settlement |
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Term
| Provide some examples of a social dilemma |
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Definition
| Overpopulation, global warming, and depletion of natural resources |
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Term
| In the tragedy of the common's dilemma, under which conditions are people more likely to consume more than they realize? |
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Definition
| When resources are not partitioned |
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Term
| In both the Prisoner's Dilemma and the Commons Dilemma, how do people tend to explain the behavior of themselves and other people? |
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Definition
| People explain their own behavior situationally (i had to protect myself against my exploiting opponent) and others dispositionsally (they were greedy); fundamental attribution error |
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Term
| How does group discussion affect the resolution of social dilemmas? Does group discussion help or hinder the problem and why? |
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Definition
| Communication reduces mistrust, enabling people to reach agreements that lead to their common betterment. It doesn't help 100% of the time (in cases where it can degenerate into threats or name calling) but it usually does |
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Term
| According to Slavin (2003) what is a practical, proven method for implementing contact theory in the desegregated classroom? |
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Definition
| Create team competition, where the team is composed of different races |
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Term
| How does mirror image perception affect conflict and conflict resolution? |
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Definition
| It can create more conflict and make resolution difficult, if not impossible |
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Term
| What orientation is a mediator most likely to promote as a way to achieve a mutually beneficial resolution between parties? |
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Definition
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Term
| Describe the steps in Osgood's (1980) GRIT strategy |
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Definition
Graduated and Reciprocated Initiatives in Tension reduction:
-One side announces their conciliatory intent
-Initiatory establishes credibility and genuineness by carrying out conciliatory acts
-Both sides retain retaliatory ability so that security is not jeopardized |
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Term
| What are the processes involved in mediation? |
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Definition
| Creating a win-win situation and unraveling misperceptions through communication |
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