Term
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Definition
| Actions by individuals that help others with no immediate benefit to the helper |
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Term
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Definition
| emotional reactions that are focused on or oriented toward other people and include feelings of compassion, sympathy and concern |
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Term
| empathy-altruism hypothesis |
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Definition
| the suggestion that some prosocial acts are motivated solely by the desire to help someone in need |
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Term
| negative state-relief model |
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Definition
| the proposal that prosocial behavior is motivated by the bystanders desire to reduce his or her own uncomfortable negative emotions or feelings |
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Term
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Definition
| the view is that helpers respond to the needs of a victim because they want to accomplish something, and doing so is rewarding in and of itself |
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Term
| what are the three different views on the origins of prosocial behaviour? |
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Definition
Empathy-Altruism model
Negative State Relief Model
Empathic Joy Hypothesis |
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Term
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Definition
| a theory suggesting that a key goal for all organisms - including human beings - is getting our genes into the next generation; one way in which individuals can reach this goal is by helping others who share their genes. |
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Term
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Definition
| conditions in which individuals feel that they have been excluded from some social group |
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Definition
| a cluster of traits that predisposes individuals to behave in a prosocial matter (high in empathy, belief in a just world) |
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Term
| 5 characteristics of altruistic personality |
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Definition
1. empathy
2.belief in a just world (social responsibility)
3. social responsibility
4. internal locus of control (what you do has a large impact on others)
5. low egocentrism |
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Term
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Definition
| refers to an adult's interest in and commitment to the well-bring of future generations |
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Term
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Definition
| the view that a large portion of human behaviour is based on seeking whatever provides us with the most satisfaction; we seek rewards and try to avoid punishments |
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Term
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Definition
| refers to the extent which individuals care about considerations of goodness and fairness when they act; moral integrity frequently involves accepting some sacrifice of self-interest to do "the right thing" |
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Term
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Definition
| behavior directed toward the goal of harming another living being who is motivated to avoid such treatment |
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Term
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Definition
| theories suggesting that aggression stems from external conditions that arouse the motive to harm or injure others. Most famous = frustrations aggression hypothesis |
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Term
| frustration - aggression hypothesis |
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Definition
| the suggestion that frustration is a very powerful determinant of aggression |
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Term
| general aggression model (GAM) |
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Definition
| A modern theory of aggression suggesting that aggression is triggered by a wide range of input variables that influence arousal, affective stages, and cognitionsl |
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Term
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Definition
| actions by others that tend to trigger aggression in teh recipient, often because they are perceived as stemming from malicious intent |
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Term
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Definition
| provoking statements that call attention to the target's flaws and imperfections |
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Term
| excitation transfer theory |
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Definition
| a theory suggesting that arousal produced in one situation can persist and intensify emotional reactions occurring in later situations |
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Term
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Definition
| cultures in which there are strong norms indicating that aggression is an appropriate response to insult to one's honour |
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Term
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Definition
| "Traits as situational sensitivities" model. A view suggesting that many personality traits function in a threshold like manner, influencing behaviour only when situations evoke them |
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Term
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Definition
| A pattern consisting primarily of high levels of competitiveness, time urgency, and hostility |
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Term
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Definition
| A pattern consisting of the absence of characteristics associated with the type A behaviour pattern |
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Term
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Definition
| aggression in which the prime objective is inflicting some kind of harm on the victim |
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Term
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Definition
| aggression in which the primary goal is not to harm the victim but rather attainment of some other goal - for example, access to valued resources |
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Term
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Definition
| a pattern of behaviour in which one individual is chosen as the target of repeated aggression by one or more others; the target person (the victim) generally has less power than those who engage in the aggression (the bullies) |
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Term
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Definition
| any form of behaviour through which individuals seek to harm others in their workplace |
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Term
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Definition
| a principle suggesting that in situations in which they interact frequently with potential victims, most people try - when engaging in aggression - to maximize the harm they produce while minimizing the danger of retaliation |
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Term
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Definition
| giving up the desire to punish someone who has hurt us and seeking, instead to act in kind, helpful ways toward them |
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Term
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Definition
| the view that providing angry people with an opportunity to express their aggressive impulses in relatively safe ways will reduce their tendencies to engage in more harmful forms of aggression |
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Term
| obligatory interdependence |
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Definition
| because of our evolutionary history, it is necessary that we rely on the group for survival as a species |
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Term
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Definition
| a collection of people who are perceived to be bonded together in a coherent unit to some degree |
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Term
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Definition
| groups that tend to involve face-to-face interaction and in which the individual members are bonded to each other |
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Term
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Definition
| face-to-face interaction is often absent, and the members are linked together via the category as a whole rather than each other |
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Term
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Definition
| the extent to which a group is perceived as being a coherent entity. |
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Definition
| the individuals position or rank within the group |
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Term
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Definition
| the set of behaviours that individuals occupy specific positions within a group are expected to perform |
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Term
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Definition
| rules or expectations within a group concerning how its members should (or should not) behave |
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Term
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Definition
| groups in which the norm is to maintain harmony among group members, even if doing so might entail some personal costs |
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Term
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Definition
| in such groups the norm is to value standing out from the group and being different from others; individual variability is to be expected and disagreement among members is tolerated |
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Term
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Definition
| all forces (factors) that cause group members to remain in the group |
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Term
| politicized collective identity |
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Definition
| groups that tend to involve face-to-face interaction and in which the individual members are bonded to each other |
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Term
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Definition
| the philosophical and political values that govern a group |
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Term
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Definition
| splintering of a group into distinct factions following and ideological rift among members |
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Term
| distraction-conflict theory |
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Definition
| a theory suggesting that social facilitation stems from the conflict produced when individuals attempt, simultaneously, to pay attention to the other people present and to the task being performed |
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Term
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Definition
| tasks for which the group product is the sum or combination of the efforts of individual members |
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Term
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Definition
| concern over being evaluated by others. such concern can increase arousal and so contribute to social facilitation effects |
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Term
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Definition
| reductions in motivation and work effort when individuals work in a group compared to when they work individually |
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Term
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Definition
| negative stereotype about how people behave in crowds at sporting events, especially applied to incidents involving England's soccer fans |
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Term
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Definition
| a psychological state characterized by reduced self-awareness brought on by external conditions such as being an anonymous member of a large crowd |
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Term
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Definition
| behaviour in which groups work together to attain shared goals |
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Term
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Definition
| a process in which individuals or groups perceive that others have taken or will soon take actions incompatible with their own interests |
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Term
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Definition
| situations in which each person can increase his or her individual gains by acting in one way, but if all (or most) people do the same thing, the outcomes experienced by all are reduced |
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Term
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Definition
| a process in which opposing sides exchange offers, counteroffers and concessions, either directly or through representatives. |
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Term
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Definition
| goals that both sides to a conflict seek and that tie their interests together rather than driving them apart. |
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Term
| distributive justice (fairness) |
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Definition
| refers to individuals judgements about whether they are receiving a fair share of available rewards - a share proportionate to their contributions to the group or any social relationship |
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Term
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Definition
| judgements concerning the fairness of the procedures used to distribute available rewards among group members |
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Term
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Definition
| refers to the extent to which people who distribute rewards or explain or justify their decisions and show respect and courtesy to those who receive the rewards |
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Term
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Definition
| processes involved in combining and integrating available information to choose one out of several possible courses of action |
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Term
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Definition
| the tendency of a group member to shift toward more extreme positions than those they initially held by the individual members as a result of group discussion |
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Term
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Definition
| the tendency of the members of highly cohesive groups to assume that their decisions can't be wrong, that all embers must support the group's decisions strongly, and that information contrary to it should be ignored |
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Term
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Definition
| a process in which people meet as a group to generate new ideas freely |
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Term
| what are the 7 symptoms of groupthink? |
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Definition
illusion of invulnerability
illusion of morality
develop stereotype views of their adversary or enemy
pressure to conform
illusion of unanimity
mind guard |
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Term
| 3 factors that influence groupthink |
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Definition
highly cohesive group
isolated from outside influences
strong & directed leader |
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Term
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Definition
| face to face physical or verbal aggression |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
acts committed in the heat of the moment
-unplanned
-inflict pain, injury on someone
-can be physical, verbal or both |
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Term
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Definition
harming as a means to obtaining some other goal, rather than to simply inflict pain/injury
-murdering a wealthy relative to obtain a big inheritance
-killing someone in self defence
-boxing |
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Term
| 3 main ideas about aggression |
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Definition
1. is innate
2. is response to external or situational causes
3. is learned |
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Term
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Definition
hormones (increased testosterone)
neural (frontal lobes stimulate/inhibit aggressive behaviour)
frustration
weapons |
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Term
| Albert Bandura experiment |
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Definition
-preschool children watch video about woman performing aggressive acts toward "bobo doll" & shouting
-children taken to room w/ bobo doll
-children who watched the video, simulated her
-said and did very identical things
-children who hadn't seen vid were not as aggressive |
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Term
| 2 main methods to see if media violence affects aggression |
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Definition
before and after experiment
correlational study |
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Term
| reasons for relationship between aggression and media |
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Definition
social learning theory explanation
normative explanation
desensitization |
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Term
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Definition
| generally helping someone; everyday things |
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Term
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Definition
| ongoing commitment, helping a friend, volunteering |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| giving assistance to a stranger who has been in an accident |
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Term
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Definition
| likelihood of someone to intervene in an emergency situation decreases as the number of individuals present increases |
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Term
| factors that influence prosocial behaviour |
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Definition
mood - better the mood, more likely to help
guilt - if you're guilty, more likely to help
environmental factors - people in small towns more likely
personality factors |
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Term
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Definition
| if you're in a good mood, you are more likely to offer help |
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Term
| characteristics of person in need of help |
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Definition
| more likely to hep more attractive people |
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