Term
|
Definition
| an explicit, testable prediction about the conditions under which an event will occur. Based on observation, existing theory or previous research. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| an organized set of principles used to explain observed phenomena. evaluated in terms of simplicity, comprehensiveness and generativity. the best theories are elegant and precise, encompass all the relevant info, and lead to new hypothesis, further research and better understanding. |
|
|
Term
| we know about the world through |
|
Definition
1. intuition- how we feel
2. authority- we are told
3. logic- deduction and induction
4. observation
we continually try to understand the world around us. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| identify phenomenon-> generate a theory-> develop a hypothesis -> design/perform a study |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
the extent to which
1. the manipulations in the experiment really manipulate the conceptual variable intended.
2. the measures used in a study really measure the conceptual variables they were intended to.
ex. a depression questionaire. you may be measuring age or being tired... not depression |
|
|
Term
| does good mood promote pro-social behavior? |
|
Definition
Isen and Levin (1972)
thought they altered mood but really created modeling. design: give some students a cookie and some not. then ask for help with the door. cookie= increase in helping behavior. alternate explanation: modeling: you pay it forward. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Isen's follow up study to the cookies. he placed a dime in a telephone booth. either the confederate left it or it was just waiting for them. this was no longer about modeling |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. self-reports
2. observations
3. Technology |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
widely used. can consist of individual questions or sets of questions all measuring a single conceptual variable.
-Rosenberg self-esteem scale (good construct validity)
Cons: the desire to look good will influence response.
-participants can be affected by the way questions are worded.
-participants memory may make them prone to error. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| procedure used so participants are led to believe that their responses will be verifed by an infallible lie-detector. as a result, participants are more accurate and endore socially unacceptable opinions for frequently. Belief in its power discourages lying. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1.Social desirability
socially approved behavior
almost certainly unattained
not psycho pathological in nature
ex. do we check the platform of political canidates
2. introspective- ex. people know know how they feel)
3. memory- memory fails so we should use interval/signal or event contigent responses |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
strength and direction
can be conducted using observational, archival or survey method. it measures the relationship between different variables. measures corresponding changes between variables
because some variables like age cannot be manipulated
ex. murder and rape are linear with heat but we cannot say heat causes murder and rape
ex. test score and self esteem
0 = no relationship |
|
|
Term
| random sampling versus random assignment |
|
Definition
| sampling = how they are chosen to participate and assignment is how they are assigned to a condition |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
a variable that characterizes pre-existing differences among the participants in a study
they cannot be manipulated or randomly assigned so they are not IVs and if they are not IVS they are not DV's either. helps test the reliability of the IVs in the experiment |
|
|
Term
| main effect versus and interaction |
|
Definition
some experiments include multiple IVs. researchers can examine the separate effects of each IV on the DV by studying how the variables interact.
The main effect that ONE IV has on the DV
an interaction is between the IVs. the change one IV results in a change in another IV. it is a function of the other IVs.
Brazilian men's manliness is effected by a wife's affair. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| it eans that if the results could have occured by change 5 or fewer times in 100 outcomes, then the results are statistically significant and taken seriously. but because it isn't certain, replication is essential. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
happens when an experiment is properly conducted.
the degree to which there can be reasonable CERTAINTY that the IVs in the experiment CAUSED the effects obtained on the DV.
experiments can include control groups for this and standardlizing trial conditions and your behavior |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the degree to which there can be reasonable confidence that the results for a study would be obtained for other people and in other situations. make the results generalizable. an ideal sample of participants should be representative of all human beings in the world. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
refers to the extent to which the research setting resembles the real-world setting of interest.
ex. Theodore Newcomb set up an entire college dormitory. advocates say this findings are more likely to generalize. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the degree to which the experimental setting and procedures are real and involving to the participant, regardless of whether they resemble real life or not. the participant is lead to behave naturally and spontaneously. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
another way to test a hypothesis. take relevant research that has already been conducted and reported. the results of a number of studies that have been conducted in different places and by different researchers. through stats a researcher can measure how strong and reliable particular effects are.
ex. study of alcohol and aggression contradict eachother. by combining data, a researcher can determine what effect alcohol typically has and how strong. |
|
|
