Term
| What is the focus of Social Psych? |
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Definition
| Seeks to understand the nature and causes of ind. behavior and thought in social situations |
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Term
| What are the fundamental chara that social psych must adopt to be considered scientific? 1/4 Accuracy |
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Definition
| gathering and evaluating information about the world (including social behavior and thought) in as careful, precise, and error free as possible. |
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Term
| What are the fundamental chara that social psych must adopt to be considered scientific? 1/4 Objectivity |
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Definition
| obtaining and evaluating information free from BIAS |
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Term
| What are the fundamental chara that social psych must adopt to be considered scientific? 1/4 Skepticism |
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Definition
| Accepting findings as accurate only to the extent they have been verified again |
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Term
| What are the fundamental chara that social psych must adopt to be considered scientific? 1/4 Open-Mindedness |
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Definition
| commitment to changing ones views- even ones that are strongly heald- if existing evidence suggests that these views are inaccurate. |
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Term
| What is correlation? what are the fundamental chara of correlation? |
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Definition
| tendency for one event to change as the other changes. 1.direction= same way positive, different ways negative. 2.magnitude= 0 = weaker -1 or 1= stronger. |
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Term
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Definition
| the variable that is systematically changed in an experiment. |
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Term
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Definition
| The variable that is being measured in an experiment. |
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Term
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Definition
| frameworks explaining various events or processes. |
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Term
| Procedures involved in building a theory |
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Definition
1. On the basis of existing evidence, a theory that reflects this evidence is proposed
2. This theory helps organize existing information and makes predictions about observable events.
3. These predictions= HYPOTHESIS, are then tested by actual research
4. if results = theory, confidence in its accuracy has increased. If not, further tests are conducted.
5. The theory is accepted/ rejected (inaccurate). A theory remains open for furter refinement as improved methods of research are developed and additional evidence relevant to the theorys predicitions are obtained |
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Term
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Definition
| the tendency for beliefs and schemas to remain unchanged even in the face of contradictory information |
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Term
| self fullfilling prophecy |
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Definition
| ones attitudes effects others ability to preform. I.e. teacher and minority student study. |
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Term
| Representativeness Heuristic (Schema) |
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Definition
| The strategy for making judgements based on the extent to which current stimuli or events resemble stimuli or events resemble other stimuli or categories. (The more similar an individual is to typical memebers of a give group, the more likley she or he is to belong to that group: schema) I.e. you meet your neighbor and observe things about them, forgot to ask occupation so you predict from your observations what you think. |
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Term
| Availability Heuristic (PRIMING) |
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Definition
| A strategy for making judgements on the basis of how easilty specific kinds of information can be brought to mind. I.e. SUV vs Car in safety |
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Term
| Autonomic processing "Programmed decision making" |
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Definition
| After extensive experience with a task or type of information we reach the stage where we can perform the task or process the information in a seemingly effortless, AUTOMATIC, and nonconscious manner |
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Term
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Definition
| our tendency to believe that we can get more done in a given period of time than we actually can or a job will take less time than it really will. |
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Term
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Definition
| the tendency to imagine other outcomes in as situation than the ones that actually occured "What might have been" |
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Term
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Definition
| What we remember in a given mood may be determined in pary by what we learned when previously in that mood.(Information while in a positive mood= more easily recalled when in positive mood. Information learned in a negative mood= more easily recalled in a negative mood). |
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Term
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Definition
| the process through which we seek to know and understand other people. |
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Term
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Definition
| Facial expressions, eye contact, BODY MOVEMENTS/ POSTURE/ TOUCHING = BODY LANGUAGE |
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Term
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Definition
| anger, fear, happiness, sadness, disgust. Facial expressions are consistent across most cultures |
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Term
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Definition
| A form of eye contact in which one person continues to gaze steadily at another reguardless of what the recipient does. Usually a sign of anger or hostility. |
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Term
| body movement: Movement/Posture/Touching |
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Definition
| Cues provided by ones position, posture and movement of others bodies or body parts.//dangerous threating characters showed more of an diagonal or angular posture... while warm sympathetic showed rounded postures//touch suggests affection, sexual interest, dominance, caring or aggression. Handshakes, the more firm the more outgoing |
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Term
| attribution process "casual reasoning" |
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Definition
| we want to understand WHY others have acted as they have, to help predict future actions. The process in which we seek information and draw inferences |
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Term
| fundamental attribution error (Correspondence Bias) |
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Definition
| the tendency to overestimate the impact of dispositional cues on other's behavior. "they are that kind of person" rather then see the external factors influencing behavior. |
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Term
| Cultural factors in Attribution error |
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Definition
| More common or stronger in cultures that emphasize individual freedom- Individualistic cultures such as those in Western Europe or the US and Canada, than in collectivitic cultures |
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Term
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Definition
| When we make others like us by conveying that we like them. Praising others to flatter them |
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Term
| IntERgroup Comparisons (Social Identity) |
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Definition
| Judgements that result from comparisons between our group and another group. I.e. sorority vs surfer |
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Term
| Festinger's Social Comparison Theory |
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Definition
| people compare themselves to others because for many domains and attributes there is no objective yardstick to evaluate ourselves against, and other people are therefore highly informative |
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Term
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Definition
| people believe that they might be judged in light of a negative stereotype about their group or that because of their performance, they may some way confirm a negative stereotype of their group. I.e. African Americans having to indicate their race before taking a verbal test |
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Term
| How can Classic Conditioning impact attitude formation? |
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Definition
| Classical Conditioning- A basic form of learning in which a neutral stimulus aquires the capactiy to evoke reactions through repeated pairing with another stimulus. This changes attitudes that have been previously formed. I.e. mother frowning every time she sees an African American, causes child to have negative attitudes about the AA culture. |
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Term
| How can Instrumental Conditioning impact Attitude formation? |
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Definition
| IC- A basic form of learning in which responses that lead to positive outcomes or which permit avoidance of negative outcomes are strengthened. I.e. you are rewarded with money for not cheating and you are grounded for cheating, these rewards shape your attitude about what is right and wrong. I.e. elections- sometimes you state your views to one audience, and different views to another just to win. |
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Term
| How can OBSERVATIONAL LEARNING impact attitude formation? |
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Definition
| OL- individuals acquire attitudes or behaviors simply by observing others.I.e. Men formed more + attitudes when they thought other men liked it and women formed + attitudes when they thought other women liked it |
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Term
| Theory of Planned Behavior |
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Definition
| 1.The notion that the decision ot engage in a particular behavior is the result of a rational process. 2. Various behavioral options are considered, the consequences or outcomes of each are evaluated and a decision is reached to act or not to act. 3.That decision is then reflected in behavioral intentions which are often strong predictors of wether we act on our attitudes in a given situation. I.e. lady wants to get nose pierced. If she likes piercings, everyone else will think it looks good and she knows someone to do it, the likelyhood of her getting it will be stronger since she has a POSITIVE attitude about the situation. |
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Term
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Definition
| Processing information in a persuasive message that involves careful consideration of message content and ideas. Requires effort and absorbs a great deal of our information processing capacity |
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Term
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Definition
| Processing of information in a persuasive message that involves the use of simple rules of thumb or mental shortcuts. "if it makes me feel good then Im in favor of it" requires less effort and allows us to react to persuasive messages in an automatic manner. It occurs in response to cues in the message or situation that evoke various mental shortcuts. Advertisers, politicians, sales people use this because its easier to presuade people than when we engage in more careful systematic processing. |
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Term
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Definition
| Neg. reactions to threats to ones personal freedom. Reactance often increases resistance to persuasion and can even produce negative attitude change or opposite to what was intended. When we are feeling reactance, strong arguements in favor or attitude change can increase opposition compared to moderate or weak arguments. This is why persuasion often fails, when people see persuasion as threats to their personal freedom or image they are strongly motivated to resist. |
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Term
| Cognitive Dissonance/ How is it reduced? |
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Definition
| An internal state that results when individuals notice consistency between two or more attitudes or between their attitudes and their behavior.//1. we can change attitude or alter behavior so they are more consistent w eachother. 2. We can aquire justification (new information) that supports our behavior.3.decide that inconsistency really does not matter |
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Term
| Less-leads to more-effect |
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Definition
| less reasons or rewards for an action often leads to greater attitude change, thus INDUCING ATTITUDE CHANGE |
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Term
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Definition
| People tend to feel more positivley about women on the whole compared to men |
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Term
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Definition
| a situation in which only a few members of a previously excluded group are admitted. it can be a highly effective strategy for detering collective protest in disadvantaged groups. For instance, allowing even a small % of low status group memebers to advance into a higher status group deters collective resistance and leads disadvantaged group members to favor individual attemps to overcome barriers |
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Term
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Definition
| a situation in which only a few members of a previously excluded group are admitted. it can be a highly effective strategy for detering collective protest in disadvantaged groups. For instance, allowing even a small % of low status group memebers to advance into a higher status group deters collective resistance and leads disadvantaged group members to favor individual attemps to overcome barriers |
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Term
| negative consequences of tokenism |
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Definition
| 1. people who are hired as token representatives of their groups are precieved negativley by other members of the organization, causing them to be disliked by their co workers. 2.peoples confidence in their role diminishes by the awareness of tokenism. |
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Term
| negative consequences of tokenism from a prejeduice perspective |
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Definition
1.it lets prejudiced people off the hook, they can point to the token as evidence of their open-mindedness and the fairness of the system even among members of the disadvantaged group
2. tokenism when realized can be damaging to the self esteem and confidence of the targets of prejudice including those few people who are selected as tokens. |
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Term
| realistic conflict theory |
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Definition
| the view that prejudice stems from direct competition between various social groups over scarce and valued resources. As competition escalates, the members of groups involved will come to view each other in increasingly negative terms. They may label themselves as enemies, view themselves as superior = FULL SCALE PREJUDICE I.e. Rattlers and Eagles boy story |
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Term
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Definition
| exposure to certain stimuli or events prime information held in memory,making it easier to bring to mind or more available to influence our current reactions. Contributes to prejudice |
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