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| a variable that is not controlled in a research investigation. In an experiment, the experimental groups differ on both the independent variable and the confounding variable |
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| a method of controlling for order effects in a repeated measures design by either including all orders of treatment presentation or randomly determining the order for each subject |
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| an experiment in which different subjects are assigned to each group. Also called between-subjects design |
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| the certainty with which results of an experiment can be attributed to the manipulation of the independent variable rather than some other, confounding variable. |
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| a technique to control for order effects without having all possible orders |
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| a method of assigning subjects to groups in which pairs of subjects are first matched on some characteristic and then individually assigned randomly to groups |
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| the loss of subjects who decide to leave an experiment. Mortality is a threat to internal validity when the mortality rate is related to the nature of the experimental manipulation |
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| in a repeated measures design, the effect that the order of introducing treatment has on the dependent variable |
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| a true experimental design in which the dependent variable (posttest) is measured only once, after manipulation of the independent variable |
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| a true experimental design in which the dependent variable is measured both before (pretest) and after (posttest) manipulation of the independent variable |
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| an experiment in which the same subjects are assigned to each group. Also called within-subjects design |
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