Term
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Definition
| Activating particular associations in memory |
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Term
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Definition
| Persistence of one's initial conceptions, as when the basis for one's belief is discredited but an explanation of why the belief might be true survives |
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Term
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Definition
| Incorporating "misinformation" into one's memory of the event, after witnessing an event and receiving misleading information about it. |
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Term
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Definition
| "Explicit" thinking that is deliberate, reflective, and conscious |
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Term
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Definition
| "Implicit" thinking that is effortless, habitual, and without awareness,roughly corresponds to "intuition" |
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Term
| Overconfidence Phenomenon |
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Definition
| The tendency to be more confident than correct--to overestimate the accuracy of one's beliefs. |
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Term
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Definition
| A tendency to search for information that confirms one's preconceptions. |
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Term
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Definition
| A thinking strategy that enables quick, efficient judgements |
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Term
| Representativeness Heuristic |
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Definition
| The tendency to presume, sometimes despite contrary odds, that someone or something belongs to a particular group if resembling a typical member. |
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Term
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Definition
| A cognitive rule that judges the likelihood of things in terms of their availability in memory. If instances of something come readily to mind, we presume it to be commonplace |
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Term
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Definition
| Imagining alternative senarios and outcomes that might have happened, but didn't. |
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Term
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Definition
| Perception of a relationship where none exists, or perception of stronger relationship than actually exists. |
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Term
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Definition
| Perception of uncontrollable events as subject to one's control or as more controllable than they are. |
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Term
| Regression Toward the Average |
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Definition
| The statistical tendency for extreme scores or extreme behavior to return toward one's average. |
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Term
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Definition
| Mistakenly attributing a behavior to the wrong source. |
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Term
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Definition
| The theory of how people explain others' behavior--for example, by attributing it either to internal dispositions or to external situations. |
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Term
| Dispositional Attribution |
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Definition
| Attributing behavior to the person's disposition and traits. |
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Term
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Definition
| Attributing behavior to environment |
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Term
| Spontaneous Trait Inference |
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Definition
| An effortless, automatic inference of a trait after exposure to someone's behavior |
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Term
| Fundamental Attribution Error |
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Definition
| The tendency for observers to underestimate situational influences and overestimate dispositional influences upon others' behavior. (Correspondence bias) |
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Term
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Definition
| A self-conscious state in which attention focuses on oneself. It makes people more sensitive to their own attitudes and dispositions. |
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Term
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Definition
| A belief that leads to its own fulfillment |
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Term
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Definition
| A type of self-fulfilling prophecy whereby people's social expectations lead them to behave in ways that cause others to confirm their expectations. |
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Term
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Definition
| A favorable or unfavorable evaluative reation toward something or someone (often rooted in one's beliefs, and exhibited on one's feelings and intended behavior). |
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Term
| Implicit Association Test (IAT) |
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Definition
| A computer-driven assessment of implicit attitudes. The test uses reation times to measure people's automatic associations between attitude objects and evaluative words. Easier parings are taken to indicate stronger unconscious associations. |
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Term
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Definition
| A set of norms that defines how people in a given social position ought to behave. |
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Term
| Foot-in-the-door phenomenon |
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Definition
| The tendency for people who have agreed to a small request to comply later with a larger request. |
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Term
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Definition
| A tactic for getting people to agree with something. People who agree to an initial request will often still comply when the requester ups the ante. People who receive only the costly request are less likely to comply with it. |
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Term
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Definition
| Tension that arises when one is simultaneously aware of two inconsistent thoughts. |
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Term
| Insufficient Justification |
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Definition
| Reduction of dissonance by internally justifying one's behavior when external justification is lacking. |
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Term
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Definition
| The theory that when we are unsure of our attitudes, we infer them much as would someone observing us, by looking at our behavior and the circumstances under which it occurs. |
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Term
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Definition
| The result of bribing people to do what they already like doing; they may then see their actions as externally controlled rather than intrinsically appealing. |
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Term
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Definition
| A theory that (a) people often experience a self-image threat, after engaging in an undesirable behavior; and (b) they can compensate by affirming another aspect of the self. Threaten people's self-concept in one domain, and they will compensate either by refocusing or by doing good deeds in some other domain. |
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