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| branch of biology that studies the relationships between living organisms and their environment |
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| conditions and circumstances surrounding and affecting a particular group of living creatures |
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| what has the Judeo-Christian heritage has stressed regarding the earth? |
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stresses the superiority of humans over other creatures and the mastery of humans over the earth and its living creatures.
encourages the exploitation of the environment |
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| complex, interrelated network of life forms and nonlife forms that interact with one another to produce an exchange of materials between the living and the nonliving parts |
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| What does the concept of an ecosystem help us understand? |
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| all parts of environment interact depend upon one another to some degree. |
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I=P*A*T
Impact = Population * Affluence * Technology
-impact that human beings have on their environment |
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| Define: carrying capacity |
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Definition
-upper-size limit that is imposed on a population by its environmental resources and that cannot be permanently exceeded
-Exceeding carrying capacity = people are depleting natural resources at a faster rate than they can naturally be replenishd |
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| Define: Phenomena of rising expectations |
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| When things are improving, people expect them to continue getting better |
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| What is meant by the text’s statement that “technology is a two-edged sword”? |
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Definition
advances in technology result in new products that produce additional environmental damage, but at the same time technological developments can result in less polluting ways of doing things
-basically, technology does some good things, but can be damaging environmentally |
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| what is true of capitalism as an economic system? |
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Definition
-worldwide pressures toward economic growth and competition have become intense
-promote economic growth that is disastrous to the environment |
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| What is a cultural value that is damaging to the environment? |
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Definition
-religion: encourages growth + exploitation of resources
-Progress: people's standard of living should rise over time.
-Individualism: the belief that individual desires and achievements are more important than collective accomplishments + goals. makes people think that they can do whatever they want, without regard to other people or government agencies belief of what is appropriate |
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| functionalist perspective on environmental social problems |
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Definition
-land, air, water, people, other resources
-Cultural beliefs, values, resulting social behaviors
-technology leads to resource depletion
-need for money + business exceeds need for sustainability
It becomes a social problem when: when some groups with power feel that their interests are not being served by current environmental policies and practices. it's only a social problem, when there is a campaign against it |
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| conflict perspective on the environment |
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Definition
problem = who gets what resources
competition for resources between groups
exploit environment, cause pollution |
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sulfrous + nitrous oxid emissions in precipitation
destroys plants and ecosystem
85% of sulfur dioxide in atmosphere is from US |
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idea that environmental hazards should be shared equally by various groups in society or at least that no group or community should bear the burden
injustice occurs when a small, powerless group is exposed to these hazards |
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| organized violence by relatively large groups of people to promote or resist some social policies/practices |
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| conflict that is threatening to the public order and that involves the government in some fashion |
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typically began when whites attacked blacks in the racially contested areas
race riots |
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focus of hostility is the property, merchandise, or equipment rahter than people of another racial group
looting merchandise, burning buildings, etc |
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| organized action by some group to rebel against the existing government and to replace it with new political forms and leadership |
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| attempt to achieve political goals by using fear and intimidation to disrupt the normal operations of society |
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| What country is the largest contributor to the global arms race? |
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field based on the idea that the genetic makeup of human beings plays a powerful role on shaping human behavior
-example: altruism, aggressiveness, territoriality, selfishness, dominance into hierarchies |
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| What are the categories of the “social sources” of violence? |
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Definition
1. Structural preconditions: social strain or deprivation. some groups do not have means to reach goals
2. Frustration and aggression: cannot achieve goals, build up of tension, release anger
3. Mediating Factors:learning and socialization. culture teaches people violence is acceptable. rewarded for aggression |
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| people tend to feel deprived or frustrated in comparison to what others have or what they believe they deserve |
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| inability to achieve goals |
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| systematic, formal process through which specialized teachers transmit skills, knowledge, and values to students |
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| productive processes where fossil fuels and machines are used instead of human or animal muscle power to produce things |
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| economic, social, and cultural changes that occur when a preindustrial society makes the transition to an advanced industrial society |
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Term
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Definition
1. help to instill important cultural values
2. train people in specific skills
3. sort people into various positions in society, based on how well they perform |
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| Conflict perspective: Education |
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Definition
| those with better educations tend to have more access to other valued resources, such as good jobs,high incomes, and important political positions |
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| passing social and economic inequalities on from one generation to the next and perpetuating the existing stratification system |
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Definition
ability grouping in schools
cluster people into classes that contain students of comparable abilities. standardized test scores
tracks become a label that creates expectations on the part of both the tracher and the students, regarding performance. encourage performance of advanced students, treat everyone else like they're incapable.
self-fulfilling prophecy |
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Term
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Definition
preschool program to help poor children prepare for school
gives poor significant advantages
less likely to be assigned to special education classes or to be held back a year in school. do better on IQ tests, less trouble with the law, more likely to go to college |
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