Term
|
Definition
| Culture and situational/social context can influence our attitudes, beliefs, and behaviour |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Our own subjective thoughts influence our interpretation of social events. |
|
|
Term
| Importance of Cognition (power of cognition) |
|
Definition
| Beliefs we hold about ourselves are important to how we get along in life |
|
|
Term
| Applicability of social psyshcological principles |
|
Definition
| Social psychologists apply concepts and methodologies to study and explain social phenomena |
|
|
Term
| Advantages of correlation research |
|
Definition
- Study relationships between variables
- Allows for predictions about one variable based on what we know about the other
|
|
|
Term
Disadvantages of Correlational research |
|
Definition
- Correlation ≠ Causation
- Can only infer causation by systematically changing one (or more) variables and assessing how this change impacts upon other variables
|
|
|
Term
Self & Identity
Medieval Society |
|
Definition
| Lives and identities were mapped out according to social order |
|
|
Term
Self & Identity
16th Century |
|
Definition
| Secularisation, Industrialsation, Enlightenment, Psychoanalysis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Selfish tendencies (id) are balanced out by social norms (superego) |
|
|
Term
| Wundt's definition of Social Psych |
|
Definition
| “those mental processes which are created by a community of human life and are, therefore, inexplicable in terms merely of individual consciousness since they presuppose the reciprocal action of many” |
|
|
Term
| Symbolic Interactionist Self |
|
Definition
The self emerges and is shaped by social interaction
Prediction: b/c self-conception comes from seeing ourselves as others do (the idea of the looking-glass self), there should be a strong correlation b/wn how we rate ourselves & how others rate us
Shrauger (1979): a review of 62 relevant studies to assess the prediction
Results: people did not tend to see themselves as others saw them |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Make comparisons between your actual and ideal self. (Duval & Wicklund) 1972 |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Private Self: private thoughts etc
Public Self: how others see you |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Info about others is stored in a schema
Research suggests info about self is stored in the same way |
|
|
Term
| Self-Discrepancy theory (Higgins 1987) |
|
Definition
1. Actual Self
2. Ideal Self
3. Ought Self (how we think we should be)
|
|
|
Term
| Test of Self-Discrepancy theory (Bond, Klein, and Strauman) 1986 |
|
Definition
| High and low discrepancy students were measured for dejection and agitation emotions before and after priming. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| We construct a concept of who we are by being able to attribute our own behaviour internally |
|
|
Term
| Social Comparison Theory (Festinger, 1954) |
|
Definition
| Describes how people learn about themselves through comparisons with others |
|
|
Term
| Self-Evaluation Maintenance Model (Tesster, 1989) |
|
Definition
| To avoid –ve effects of self-esteem we can downplay our similarity to the other person OR withdraw from the relationship with that person |
|
|
Term
| Coded facial expressions (Medvec, Madley, Gilovich, 1995) |
|
Definition
Bronze medalist: expressed more satisfaction than silver medalists
Silver: unfavorable upward comparisons with gold medalists
Gold: self-enhancing downward comparisons with the rest of the field |
|
|
Term
| 3 classes of 'pursuit-of-self-knowledge' motives |
|
Definition
1. Self-assessment: in pursuit of validity
2. Self-verification: in pursuit of consistency
3. Self-enhancement: in pursuit of favorability |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Strive to publicly affirm -ve aspects of who we are.
1. Boasting (blunt)
2. Hinting (subtle) |
|
|
Term
| Which motive is more fundamental and more likely to prevail in pursuit of self-knowledge? |
|
Definition
6 experiments:
Self-enhancement was strongest
Self-verification distant 2nd
Self-assessment even more distant 3rd |
|
|
Term
| Research into individual differences in self-monitoring (Snyder 1974) |
|
Definition
High self-monitors: strategic self-presentation
Low: opposite |
|
|
Term
| Strategic Self-presentation |
|
Definition
5 strategic motives:
1. Self-promotion (persuade others you're competent)
2. Ingratiation (get others to like you)
3. Intimidation
4. Exemplification (morally respectable)
5. Supplication (take pity on you as helpless and needy) |
|
|
Term
| Expressive Self-Presentation research (Tice, 1992) |
|
Definition
| Only publicly performed behavior was internalized as a descriptor of participant's self-concept |
|
|
Term
| Heider's Theory of Naive Psychology |
|
Definition
1. Generally see our own behavior as being motivated
2. We construct casual theories in order to be able to predict and control environment
3. Distinguish between personal factors and environmental factors |
|
|
Term
| Theory of Correspondent Inference (Jones & Davis, 1965) |
|
Definition
| Why? B/c it's easier to predict behavior when they have a predisposition to act a certain way. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| When others' behavior appears to be directly intended to benefit or harm us we make more confident correspondent inferences |
|
|
Term
| Theory of Correspondent Inference Research |
|
Definition
| Has limitations and is therefore declined |
|
|
Term
| Covariation Model (Kelley's, 1967) |
|
Definition
*BEST KNOWN*
We explain multiple events on the basis that they occur together over time
1. When consistency is low > engage in discounting
2. When consistency, distinctiveness, and consensus are high > external attributes of behavior
3. Consistency is high, but distinctiveness and consensus is low > internal attribution |
|
|
Term
| Limitations of Kelley's Covariation Model |
|
Definition
1. Just b/c people can use consistency, distinctiveness, and consensus to attribute causality, it doesn't mean they have to be
2. People aren't good at covariation
|
|
|
Term
| Schachter's (1964) theory of emotional liability |
|
Definition
Emotions, 2 distinct components:
1. State of psychological arousal that does not differentiate between emotions
2. Cognitions that label arousal & determine which emotion is experienced |
|
|
