Term
|
Definition
| The area in the mouth in which language sounds, particularly "Vowels", are produced. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
The Systematic Shifting of the phonetic values of a set of vowels.
For Example:
Northern City Vowel Shift
and
Southern Cities Vowel Shift |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The Linguistic and extra linguistic strategies used by a listener to indicate that the speaker may continue w an extended conversational turn; for example, uhmm, right, continue. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The extension of a language form beyond its regular linguistic boundaries when a speaker feels a need to use extremely standard or "Correct" forms. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The absence or reduction of the "R" sound in words such as car to "cah" and beard to "be-ad" |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A group of people w/ shared norms or common evaluation of linguistic variables. All members orient towards common norms, same ideals and things are good or bad. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Is how one actually speaks as opposed |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Is how one is suppose to speak |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The sound system of a language |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The level of language which concerns words and their meaningful components. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The formation of words into phrases and sentences |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The level of language organization pertaining to language use; takes into account such matters as speakers and hearers beliefs, attitudes and intentions. |
|
|
Term
| Noah Webster (What did he do?) |
|
Definition
| (Parent of English Dictionaries)-> "As an independent nation we need to form our own language" -> Against Britain. |
|
|
Term
| Thomas Jefferson (what did he do?) |
|
Definition
| Frequent coiner of new words, for example, belittle. Also wanted to indicate language w/ a political separation from Britain via Language. |
|
|
Term
| Ben Franklin (What did he do?) |
|
Definition
| Advocate of spelling reform for American English. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Refers to an oral language that arises due to trade or contact situations (where the two communicators do not speak the same language).
Characteristics:
1. Lack of inflections to mark grammatical categories (No gender, or tense).
2. Example: African Americans in the south when slavery started, they began with pidgin languages because they were all from different parts of africa. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
an evolved pidgin language that becomes structurally more advanced.
Characteristics:
1. Much more complex < American English
2. Varieties of french colonial languages, and Slaves in south carolina developed Gruell. |
|
|
Term
| (RP) Relative Pronunciation |
|
Definition
| How we understand the way the British pronounce things-> Think BBC. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Leveling involves taking a grammatically conditioned set of forms - for example, the different forms a verb may take when used with different subjects - and making the forms more similar.
Examples:
To Be-> Be, I is, We is, I was, We was. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Steady improvement of a language |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Is the process of acquiring negative connotations |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A Deliberately secretive vocabulary or "jargon"; often used with reference to criminal activity. |
|
|
Term
| Whats the Difference between "Pahk the Cah in Hahvahd Yahd" and "Park the Car in Harvard Yard" |
|
Definition
| The difference between the two phrases is the characteristic of "r-less" dialect that is prevalent in north eastern united states, This is also a feature in "Proper British English" |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Refers to speech in the south where loss or reduction of the "glide" happens; and loss of the dipthong. In southern speech it makes a loss in the vowel sound /ai/ so creates "time" into "tahm" |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A group of people that come together through some shared social enterprise (ex: a group of students in a class). |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The extent to which a speakers economic necessities the use of a particular language variety. For Example: salesmen would use a more standard variety of language to conform to public expectations |
|
|
Term
| Linguistic Marketplace Index |
|
Definition
| In some communities there is a ranking assigned to speakers based upon descriptions of their socioeconomic life histories. May correlate with the use of standard vs. nonstandard language features more closely than traditional social status |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Common process in English. Putting two existing words together to get a new term whose meaning may be completely unrelated to the meanings of the original words.
Examples:
Hushpuppies- deep-fried cornmeal batter
Breakwater- barrier which prevents water from eroding costal land. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A word formed by combining the initial sounds or letters of words, for example NATO, or UN. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Creation of new words by the combination of portions of different words. For example Smog (Smoke + Fog) and Twirling (Twist + Whirl). |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Words are formed by shortening other words, for example, gas from gasoline. Dorm from Dormitory. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Shorter words are created from longer words based on the removal of what appears to be an Affix but in reality is part of the word.
Examples:
Burgle from Burglar
Conversate from Conversation. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Words are created through the addition of a derivational affix. Example, Bewitched from bewitch + ed |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A suffix that augments the word without changing its basic meaning or its word class; for example, dogs by the addition of -s or bigger by the addition of -er |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Switching between two different languages. Merely using some features from another dialect in reference with one dialect. Frequency in -in' and -ing. -in' is referenced to lower class but its untrue, lower class and upper class both use it. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| It is excentuated high pitched sounds, useually using words like "tummy" for stomache |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Why is it so important?: the Babbling stage is so important because it helps develop the fundamental phonologic stages of language. |
|
|
Term
| Why Does She Like Chicago So Much? |
|
Definition
| Most Phonological Changes today (Favorite City). |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Spoken on the borders of Canada and Alaska, they have inter-cultural conflict because of the communication of well being, one culture vocalizes personal achievements while one culture believes that is rude. Leads to economic differences |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| It is rising or "question" intonation on declarative statements - prominent in the west coast especially Arizona. |
|
|
Term
| "Teaching Children How to Discriminate..." |
|
Definition
| How disney represents the bad guys in movies with accents and mean looks on their face for example, alladin, he looks like a normal white guy but all the people against him have heavy accents and are evil. |
|
|
