Term
| What is the Cognitive vulnerability-stress theory? And who proposed it? |
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Definition
| Abrahamson and Seligman - Biases in attention, interpretation, & memory lead to a negative processing style, rumination and eventually learned helplessness |
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Term
| Describe Seligman's experiment for learned helplessness |
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Definition
| Seligmen’s (1974) experiment on learned helplessness also brings into attention how animals and humans learn to give up and display laziness or loss of appetite often seen in depression when there seems to be no options available to improve the situation. Seligmen’s dog in the shuttle box divided into two compartments would initially respond to shock by jumping to another compartment; however, electric shocks were administered in both sides and the dog learned not to escape even when given the chance. |
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Term
What is the premise of Beck's attributional theory?
What is a somewhat opposite theory? |
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Definition
Beck - 1967 - Cognitive vulnerabilities to depression is defined by the presence of maladaptive self-schemata reflecting themes of helplessness and unlovability that become activated activated by schema-congruent negative life events.
Higgins - 1987 - Self-discrepancy theory, when life events do not mirror what you'd expect, but can still have the same psychological effects |
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Term
| What is Social Learning Theory, who proposed it? |
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Definition
| Behavior is determined by cognitivefactors, environmental influences (modeling / imitation), and behavioral reactions - Bandura, 1986 |
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Term
| What are consequences of maltreatment? |
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Definition
1) Inhibits successful formation of secure attachments
2) Biased information processing (partially) mediates effect of maltreatment and peer rejection on adjustment
3) Community violence exposure |
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Term
| Who proposed the kindling theory? And what does it mean? |
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Definition
| Post, 1992 - repeated exposure lowers threshold |
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Term
| What is the scar hypothesis? Who proposed it? |
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Definition
| (Rohde, 1990) Negative cognitive representations that are reactivated |
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Term
| How does Rutter define risk? |
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Definition
| factors that are associated with an increased likelihood of experiencing disorder |
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Term
What is Heterotypic continuity?
What is Homotypic continuity?
What is the difference? |
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Definition
Hetereo = a child
develops one or more additional disorders that differ in type from an earlier disorder
Homo = Develops similar disorders over time |
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Term
| What is the relationship between IQ and number of adverse events? |
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Definition
Decreasing IQ with increased adverse events (Sameroff, 1993)
Cumulative risk theory - Rutter |
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Term
| What is the relationship between comorbid outcomes and number of adverse events |
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Definition
| They increase with each other (Anda and colleagues, 2006) |
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Term
| Give an example of the kindling model? |
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Definition
| Kendler, 2000, women who had previous MDE were more likely to have additional episodes |
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