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| A social position that a person attains largely through his or her own efforts |
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| The most technologically advanced form of preindustrial society. Members are engaged primarily in the production of food but increase their crop yield through technological innovations such as the plow |
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| A condition of estrangement or dissociation from the surrounding society |
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| A social position that is assigned to a person by society without regard for the person’s unique talents or characteristics. |
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| A three-dimensional model, two dimensional icon, or constructed personality that is assumed by the user of an Internet site |
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| A component of formal organization that uses rules and hierarchical ranking to achieve efficiency. |
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| The process by which a group, organization, or social movement becomes increasingly bureaucratic. |
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| An approach to the study of formal organizations that views workers as being motivated almost entirely by economic rewards |
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| A temporary or permanent alliance geared toward a common goal. |
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| A group designed for a special purpose and structured for maximum efficiency. |
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| A close-knit community, often found in rural areas, in which strong personal bonds unite members |
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| A community, often urban, that is large and impersonal, with little commitment to the group or consensus on values. |
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| Overzealous conformity to official regulations of a bureaucracy. |
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| Any number of people with similar norms, values, and expectations who interact with one another on a regular basis. |
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| A preindustrial society in which people plant seeds and crops rather than merely subsist on available foods. |
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| An approach to the study of formal organizations that emphasizes the role of people, communication, and participation in a bureaucracy and tends to focus on the informal structure of the organization. |
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| Hunting-and-gathering society |
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Definition
| A preindustrial society in which people rely on whatever foods and fibers are readily available in order to survive. |
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| A construct or model for evaluating specific cases. |
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| A society that depends on mechanization to produce its goods and services. |
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| Any group or category to which people feel they belong. |
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| A principle of organizational life under which even a democratic organization will eventually develop into a bureaucracy ruled by a few individuals. |
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| A status that dominates others and thereby determines a person’s general position in society. |
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| The process by which the principles of the fast-food restaurant are coming to dominate more and more sectors of American society as well as the rest of the world. |
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| A collective consciousness that emphasizes group solidarity, characteristic of societies with minimal division of labor. |
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| The principle that the government shold remain non-selective on neutral toward online content |
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| A collective consciousness that rests on mutual interdependence, characteristic of societies with a complex division of labor. |
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| A group or category to which people feel they do not belong. |
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| A principle of organizational life according to which every employee within a hierarchy tends to rise to his or her level of incompetence. |
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| A society whose economic system is engaged primarily in the processing and control of information. |
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| A technologically sophisticated society that is preoccupied with consumer goods and media images. |
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| A small group characterized by intimate, face-to-face association and cooperation. |
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| Any group that individuals use as a standard for evaluating themselves and their own behavior. |
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| The situation that occurs when incompatible expectations arise from two or more social positions held by the same person. |
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| The process of disengagement from a role that is central to one’s self-identity in order to establish a new role and identity. |
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| The difficulty that arises when the same social position imposes conflicting demands and expectations. |
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| Scientific management approach |
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Definition
| Another name for the classical theory of formal organizations |
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Definition
| A formal, impersonal group in which there is little social intimacy or mutual understanding. |
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| An organized pattern of beliefs and behavior centered on basic social needs. |
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| The ways in which people respond to one another. |
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| A series of social relationships that links a person directly to others, and through them indirectly to still more people. |
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| A set of expectations for people who occupy a given social position or status. |
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| The way in which a society is organized into predictable relationships. |
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| Long-term trends in societies resulting from the interplay of continuity, innovation, and selection. |
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| A term used by sociologists to refer to any of the full range of socially defined positions within a large group or society. |
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| Cultural information about the ways in which the material resources of the environment may be used to satisfy human needs and desires. |
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Definition
| The tendency of workers in a bureaucracy to become so specialized that they develop blind spots and fail to notice obvious problems. |
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