Term
Social Exclusion is defined as? |
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Definition
Social, political, and economic process whereby individuals and groups are denied access and opportunities to societal resources, which results in their diminished well-being. |
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Term
Exclusion from? What are they missing out on? 6 |
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Definition
Land/property/housing/credit; secure employment; Education/skills/cultural capital; Legal equality/democratic participation; the welfare state/public goods; family/sociability/fulfillment/understanding |
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Term
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Definition
LIAM J. WUD : landless, indigenous, afro-descendants, migrants, jobless, women, uneducated, disabled |
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Term
Sources of exclusion are? Where does it come from? 3 |
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Definition
CLASS: conscious decision by elites; development for middle class; REGIONAL: neglect of rural areas and ethnic minorities; inequality in region; HISTORY: skewed historical development; discrimination rooted in slavery/forced labor; historical gender role
*remember it can be ascribed, it can be structural |
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Term
How are people excluded? By whom? 4 |
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Definition
People make decisions that exclude others; these people are State authorities, Development planners, Investors, Influential elites. SIDE |
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Term
What are some indicators of exclusion? 7 |
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Definition
Poverty, income inequality, educational inequality, infant mortality, life expectance, land concentration, residential segregation. RIIPELL
**by gender, by race/ethnicity |
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Term
How to counteract exclusion? |
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Definition
Empowerment and Agency, collective action, social movements, civil society, democratization |
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Term
What are some inclusion policies? |
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Definition
universal programs, public education, universal health care, social security/pensions, conditional cash programs for the poor, affirmative action, anti-discriminatory laws |
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Term
Economic development is defined as? |
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Definition
Sustained growth in the economy which should presumably be accompanied by social development |
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Term
Social development is defined as? |
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Definition
Reducing poverty and deprivation and broadening choice. Poverty includes hunger, illiteracy, illness and poor health, powerlessness, voicelessness, insecurity, humiliation, and a lack of access to basic infrastructure |
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Term
What two trends became obvious in the 1970s in terms of development? |
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Definition
1)3rd world was not catching up to the 1st world--the gap was expanding 2)3rd world countries tried to reduce gap by aggressive exporting of manufactured goods |
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Term
How was development understood before the 1970s? What about after? |
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Definition
It was understood as a national process of economic and social transformation.
Afterwards, it became more about participation in the world market. International, rather than national. The debt crisis shifter the terms from a national to a global concern. |
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Term
Give three characteristics of Latin American development since the 1950s. |
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Definition
Strong growth, followed by weak growth, then recovery. |
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Term
What is a GDP? Give name and definition. |
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Definition
It is the total value of all goods and services produced in a particular country/economy. Annual growth rates are determined by the change of it from one year to the next. |
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Term
What is the Golden Age of Latin American development? |
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Definition
1950-1980. Averaged growth rates of 5% per year! |
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Term
Name some modernization goals. |
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Definition
Traditional values (kinship and inherited status) to Modern values (Achievement and Individual responsibility).
Education and Social mobility.
**Tied to the ISI model. Largely based on Argentina. |
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Term
What is ISI? Name and definition. |
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Definition
a trade and economic policy based on the premise that a country should attempt to reduce its foreign dependency through the local production of industrialized products. |
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Term
What kind of governments are most prevalent in LA? In what countries? Exceptions? |
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Definition
Authoritarian governments. Brazil, Argentina, Chile, Uruguay, Mexico. Exceptions: Costa Rica and Colombia. |
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Term
What is the growing inequality with the ISI? |
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Definition
Jobs are more for the middle class and industrial working class. The government protects the middle sectors with housing and social security. While the middle class takes advantage of the growth, the poor do not. |
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Term
How does urbanization apply to LA? |
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Definition
It was a predominately rural society and goes to a predominately urban society. |
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Term
How did urbanization affect cities? |
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Definition
The cities grew due to it. |
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Term
How did urbanization affect the informal economy? |
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Definition
The informal economy grew do to it. |
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Term
How did urbanization affect the middle class? |
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Definition
The government responded by protecting the middle class. |
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Term
How did urbanization affect jobs? |
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Definition
Jobs increased, but urban growth was even bigger due to urbanization. |
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Term
How does the informal economy come about? |
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Definition
The economy is not able to provide jobs so it is a response/coping strategy for the urban poor. |
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Term
What was the Cuban Revolution? |
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Definition
1959. It was a social movement led by Fidel Castro where the US-backed Batista was overthrown. Castro implemented many social and economic programs. |
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Term
What happened in Chile in 1973? What kind of movement did it become? |
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Definition
Allende was elected President. It became a nationalist movement. Nationalized large-scale industries. Government took over healthcare system and education. Land redistribution. |
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Term
What happens in the 1980s and early 1990s in LA concerning economic development? |
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Definition
ISI had run its course. You see negative growth rates. You see inflation, devaluation. You see growing unemployment. Problems of poverty and inequality become more obvious. |
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Term
What is happening today in LA in terms of economic development? At what stage do they find themselves? |
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Definition
Recovery. There are slow growth rates. Still see problems with inequality and poverty. There is variation within the region. You see some signs of growth and change. |
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Term
What is the "Washington Consensus"? |
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Definition
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Term
US involvement in social movements? |
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Definition
We funded opposition against Allende. We also backed Batista. Opposed Castro. |
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Term
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Definition
US, Europe, and multilaterals promote: privatization, decreasing size of government, free trade, export orientation. |
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Term
How does import/export change due to neoliberalism? |
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Definition
It grows! In 1990 it is at 10%. In 2000 it is at 20%. |
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Term
What organizations are born with neoliberalism? |
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Definition
NAFTA, CAFTA, MERCOSUL. All dealing with trading. |
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Term
How did democratization affect LA? |
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Definition
By 2000 every country except Cuba was a formal democracy. |
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Term
What was the US involvement in democratization? |
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Definition
The US and Europe (and multilaterals) sponsor democracy along with fiscal restraint. The emphasize local government and citizen participation at the LOCAL level. |
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Term
How will the Economic Crisis affect LA today? |
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Definition
Not looking good! ECLAC predicts, optimistically, a 1.9% growth for the region in 2009. |
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Term
What percentage of LA lives in large cities? |
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Definition
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Term
How has migration changed in LA? |
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Definition
Now it is more urban-urban or international rather than rural-urban migration. |
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Term
How are fertility rates today in LA? |
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Definition
They are near replacement levels. |
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Term
How are mortality rates in LA today? |
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Definition
Lower mortality rates, which also means there is a growing elderly population. |
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Term
Is there a rise or decrease in single parent households in LA today? |
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Definition
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Term
What is civil society's role in LA today? |
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Definition
There is a rise of civil society. |
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Term
How significant is civil society to LA and to democratization? |
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Definition
Pretty important. NGOs are a central part of democratization. |
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Term
Name some of the UN Millennium Development Goals. |
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Definition
Eradicate extreme poverty/hunger, universal primary education, gender equality/empower women, reduce child mortality, improve maternal health, combat HIV/AIDS/Malaria/Etc, Environmental sustainability, Global partnership for development |
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Term
Name some of the most unequal countries? |
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Definition
Sierra Leone/Central African Republic/Swaziland, Brazil/Nicaragua/South Africa/Paraguay/Colombia/Chile/Honduras |
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Term
Name some of the most equal countries? |
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Definition
Slovakia, Belarus, Hungary, Denmark, Japan, Sweden, Czech Republic, Finland, Norway, Bulgaria |
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