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| shared gain of direct fitness |
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| delayed gain of direct fitness (dependent upon repayment) |
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| permanent loss of direct fitness (with potential for indirect fitness gain) |
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| temporary loss of direct fitness (with potential for indirect fitness gain and then by personal reproduction) |
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| regg-laying mammals (ex: echidna and platypus) |
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| -treated behavior as an important part of an animal's equipment for survival |
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-made detailed observations of animals in their natural surroundings and was the first to keep minute and orderly records.
-he watched bees and wasps in his garden |
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| -simply mental process to explain the act of animals other than associating it with human emotions |
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| -dogs and conditioned reflex |
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-Austrian
-an animals' behavior is part of its equipment for survival and was the product of adaptive evolution |
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| -try to understand why an animal behaves the way it does |
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| behavioral development (Tinbergen's animal behavior) |
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| beneficial consequences of behavior which confer an increase in reproductive success on the possessor's genotype |
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| the evolution of behavior or, more broadly, "all aspects of behavioral genetics" (Tinbergen's animal behavior) |
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| proximial mechanisms that give rise to behavior (Tinbergen's animal behavior) |
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| from a genetic stand point is the ability to produce viable offspring |
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| advantage of cheetah's turf like coat |
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| -have not been hunted for pelt |
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-females define the social order
-they are solitary they choose a mate and then raise the cubs alone
-males may hunt with siblings |
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| born with stripes instead of spots |
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| all processes by which an animal senses the external world and the internal state of its body and responds to the changes which it perceives |
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| any behavior caused by or affecting another animal (of the same or another species) |
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| biological basis of social behavior, implying evolution as the basis of explanatory tool |
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| sum of an individual's fitness measured by reproductive success and the fitness of the relatives, weighted in proportion to their genetic distance from the individula |
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| phenomenon in which behavior of an animal increase the occurrence of the same behavior among its social partners |
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| behavioral activities that have strong components of social facilitation, imitation and group coordination |
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| -believed that animals were endowed with "instincts" that allowed them to function successfully in their environments |
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altering gene function without altering DNA
(genes may turn on or off depending on environmental conditions) |
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| urged ahead by anger but held back by fear or other emotions |
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| conflict expressed in an irrelevant manner |
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| attempts several behaviors but does not complete any of them |
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| aims feelings at a substitute object |
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| differential survival of particular genes or genotypes |
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| introduction of novels genetic material or loss of existing genetic material |
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| alteration in genetic makeup changes DNA |
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| change in gene frequencies due purely to chance |
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-Dr. Dilger
-crossbred two species of lovebirds
-one species carried nesting material tucked in rump or in its wing while other species carried it with its beak
-hybrid species was unsuccessful |
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| Evolutionarily Stable Strategies (ESS) |
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-Maynard Smith
-mathematical model
-the best strategy for an individual depends on what the majority of the population is doing
-frequency dependent |
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-all hawks everyone gets in a fight
-all doves no one gets hurt
-one hawk the rest doves-wins every encounter
-one dove the rest hawks-loses all its fights but doesn't get hurt |
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| dump their egg shells out of the nest once hatched to not attract predators |
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| Scott and Fuller experiment with dogs |
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-difference in behavior between Basenjis and Cocker spaniel is due to genetics
-F1 cross- acted like mother not father so genetics were responsible |
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| Genetic vs Cultural Changes in behavior |
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-genetic changes may take a longer period of time
-dependent on genetic variability |
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| learned to wash potatoes (example of cultural transmission) |
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-stole bread crumbs from humans to use as bait to catch fish
-spread to other Heron and began to use other things as bait like feathers
(example of cultural transmission) |
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| -litters from stressed mothers averaged 0.5 pup less than non-stressed mothers |
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-deer eat pin needles containing ergot which causes abortion
-controls population while food supply is low |
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| Sexual differentiation in Quail experiment |
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-makes treated with estradiol before hatch are completely sex reversed in behaviors
-as adults they do not crow, strut or mount
-the developing male quail brain in very sensitive to estrogen |
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male is homogametic ZZ
female is hemigametic ZW |
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| -development of sexual behavior requires appropriate environmental stimulation and hormonal environment |
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-a female alone in a cage produces no eggs
-a male alone shows no interest when offered nesting material, eggs or young |
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| ring dove pair put in a cage with a nest |
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| - the pair did not incubate instead they courted then built their own nest |
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| male and female ring doves were in same cage with parturition and no nesting material |
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| they waited 5-7 days before incubating the eggs in the nest that was provided |
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| if ring birds are allowed to nest, and lay eggs then the nest is removed and another is put in its place with eggs |
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| the ring doves will incubate the eggs within 2 hours |
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| all offspring are born within a very limited time period, so predators can't possibly eat them all |
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| Social Hierarchy (stages of learning) |
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-social hierarchy is result of learning and habit formation
-to establoish an order- first meeting may involve and actual physical confrontation
-upon next confrontation, an individual can choose to fight or to leave
-in subsequent meeting both individuals seem to adjust by reverting to habit |
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| an area that an individual, pair or group defends and maintains free of intruders or remains within by avoiding incursions into neighboring occupied areas |
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| an area over which an animal travels in pursuit of its routine activities (not necessarily defended) |
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| a behavioral system which is expressed in a spatial-temporal frame of reference |
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| small breeding territory characteristic of some species of birds and mammals, often but not always maintained by the male |
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| social rejection, exclusion, excommunication or disfellowship |
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works with horse in round pen
-gets the horse to "join up" |
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- don't fight since there is no sexual dimorphism
-just have sperm competition
-reason for large testicles? |
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| -will defend his females even kill his own females in an attempt to keep them |
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| reproductive unit of 1 male, 1 female, pair-bonded formed |
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| 1 male and several females |
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| 1 female and several males |
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| several males and several females |
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| Blohowiak- Female Choices |
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wildtype and redhead females no preferences
albino females preferred albino males |
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| positive assortative mating |
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| those of similarly high rank or high value for a characteristic mate with each other; those of low tank or trait value mate with each other |
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| negative assortative mating |
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| those of high rank or high trait value mate with those of low rank or value and vice versa |
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| when negative or positive assortative mating is perfect |
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| the mean of the population does not change |
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- if raised in a single color flock, geese preferred that color
-if raised in flocks of both colors, the preference for self phenotype is not as strong |
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cousin that is from the parent's same-sexed sibling
ex: your mother's sister's daughter |
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is from the parent's opposite-sexed sibling
(ex: your father's sister's child) |
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| a category of biological classification ranking just below the genus or subgenus and comprised of closely related organisms potentially able to breed one another and produce fertile offspring |
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| species recognition innate or learned? |
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| -evidence shows that is it innate |
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| the cross of Muscovy drakes with Kaiya |
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| muscovy drake x common female |
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| common drake x muscovy hen |
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| hinny (female hinnies produce eggs that do not hatch) |
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-stripes do not meet on the belly
-dewlap on throat |
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-long head, ears large and rounded
-white belly
-dorsal stripe |
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-stripes extend down to hooves
-stripes continue into the mane and meet under the belly |
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| natural selection that favors high parental investment in individual offspring, high parental investment,in turn, limits the number of offspring that can be raised simultaneously |
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natural selection that favors low parental investment in individual offspring and production of large numbers of offspring
(selection for rate of increase. Allows explosive population growth if the environment is favorable) |
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| relative growth of a part in relation to an entire organism |
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| length of time to lay an egg |
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| series of eggs laid in succession and incubates as a group |
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| precocial birds generally hatch.. |
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| predatory birds often hatch... |
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| asynchronous (common for second chick to not survive) |
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| embryo breaks through the inner shell membrane and begins to breathe air |
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| embryo breaks through the shell and is ready to hatch |
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| -respiration after internal piping |
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| - synchronous vs asynchronous hatch in quail |
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| South American Titi Monkey |
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| father is primary caretaker and source of emotional security |
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| process of a newly hatched or born animal attaching itself to some large object which appears during the "critical" stage of development |
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| a dominant individual allowing him/herself to play a submissive role during a playful interaction, but only briefly and with a re-establishment of dominance before end of play session |
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| to pass,usually periodically,from one region or climate to another for feeding or breeding |
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| a polygenic trait in which phenotypes are expressed in categories |
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