Term
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Definition
| The tendency to judge ingroup attributes as superior to those of the outgroup and, morge generally, to judge outgroups from an ingroup perspective |
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Term
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Definition
| An attitude or orientation towards a group (or its members) that devalues it directly or indirectly, often to the benefit of the self or own group |
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Term
| authoritarian personality |
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Definition
| Personality syndrome characterized by a simplistic cognitive style, a rigid regard for social conventions and submission to authority figures (associated with prejudice towards minority groups and susceptibility to Fascism) |
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Term
| Social dominance orientation |
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Definition
| an individual difference variable that captures a desire for hierarchical group relations |
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Term
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Definition
| When (social) categories are correlated with a continuous dimension (e.g. skin color, eye shape) there is a judgmental tendency to overestimate similarities within, and differences between the categories on this dimension |
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Term
| Outgroup homogeneity effect |
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Definition
| A tendency to see the outgroup as more homogeneous than the ingroup |
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Term
| Illusory correlation effect |
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Definition
| A tendency to perceive a relationship that does not actually exist (e.g. between a group and negative behavior), or to perceive one that does exist as stronger than it actually is |
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Term
| Leader in the field: Muzafer Sherif |
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Definition
| Realistic conflict theory |
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Term
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Definition
| Goals that can only be achieved by two groups working together cooperatively, to mutual benefit |
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Term
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Definition
| A situation in which there are positive bonds between individuals or groups characterized by cooperation, reciprocity and mutual benefits |
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Term
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Definition
| A situation in which bonds between individuals or groups are characterized by conflicts of interests, often leading to antagonism or realistic conflict |
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Term
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Definition
| Behaviors or evaluations that favor the ingroup over the outgroup; ingroup favoritism treats the ingroup more positively, outgroup derogation treats the outgroup less positively |
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Term
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Definition
| That part of our self-concept corresponding to group memberships, and the value and emotional significance attached to these memberships |
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Term
| Leader in the field: Henri Tajfel |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| the degree to which people see themselves in terms of a group membership (group-level self-definition) and the degree of value and emotional attachment to the group (group-level self-investment) |
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Term
| Positive-negative asymetry |
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Definition
| Evidence that people show more ingroup bias when distributing positive rewards than punishment or penalites |
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Term
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Definition
| A resentful feeling that the self or ingroup is worse off than the other or outgroup |
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Term
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Definition
| Involves maing the group positively different from a comparison outgroup on available dimensions of comparison (e.g. by means of more positive evaluations or reward allocations) |
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Term
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Definition
| The prediction that ingroup bias will lead to an increase in group level self-esteem or staisfaction |
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Term
| Social reality constraints |
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Definition
| Evidence that the outgroup is clearly better on a certain dimension can make ingroup bias on that dimension difficult to justify |
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Term
| Leader in the field: Amélie Mummendey |
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Definition
| 'Different but better' differentiation strategy, the 'positive-negative asymmetry' and the ingroup projection model |
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Term
| Leader in the field: John Turner |
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Definition
| Self-categorization theory |
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Term
| Leader in the field: Naomi Ellemers |
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Definition
| social stereotyping, discrimination. power, respect and morality in intergroup contexts |
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Term
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Definition
| A tendency to favor the outgroup over the ingroup in terms of evaluations or reward allocations |
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Term
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Definition
| emotions experienced as members of social groups rather than as individuals, reflecting appraisals of events in terms of group level concerns and coping resources |
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Term
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Definition
| Intergroup contact will reduce prejudice if it (1) has acquaintance potential; (2) takes place under conditions of equal status; (3) involves cooperation towards a common goal; and (4) takes place in a supportive normative climate |
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Term
| Leader in the field: Gordon W. Allport |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| A cooperative teaching method designed to reduce prejudice in diverse classrooms |
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Term
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Definition
| Reducing the salience of intergroup boundaries through personalized contact; attention to idiosyncractic rather than category-based information about outgroup members should, over time, reduce the usefulness of the category, and reduce prejudice |
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Term
| Recategorization (common ingroup identity model) |
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Definition
| recommends replacing salient ingroupp-outgroup distinctions at a subordinate level with a common ingroup identity at a superordinate level that includes both former ingroup and outgroup members |
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Term
| Mutual differentiation (categorization model) |
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Definition
| making group affiliations salient during contact to give members of the respective groups distinct but complementary roles |
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Term
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Definition
| A negative affective state experienced when anticipating future, or experiencing actual, contact with an outgroup member, stemming from the expectation of negative consequences for oneself during intergroup interactions |
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Term
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Definition
| Realization that ingroup norms, customs and lifestyles are not iherentl superio to those of ougroups; this process is implicated in the generalization of positive contact effects to other outgroups |
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Term
| Extended contact hypothesis |
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Definition
| Mere knowledge that an ingroup member has a clos relationship with an outgroup member can improve outgroup attitudes |
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Term
| Principle-implementation gap |
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Definition
| Acceptance of racial equality in principle is accompanied by resistance to specific policies that would bring about such racial equality |
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