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Definition
| A set of techniques for the reduction of quantitative data to a small number of more convienent and easily communicated descriptive terms. |
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| Characteristics that differ or vary from one individual to another (for example, age, social class, and attitude) or from one point in time to another (for example, unemployment, crime rate, and population). |
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| IN addition to specifiying varibales, the social researcher must also determine the _____ for the research. Usually, social scientists collect data on individual persons. |
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| Researchers sometimes focus their research on _____, that is, on the way in which measures vary across entire collections for people. |
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| Whether focusing on individuals or aggregates, the ideas that social scientists have concerning the nature of social reality are called _______ |
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| Presumed effect in a hypotheses. |
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| Presumed cause in a hypotheses. |
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| ______ is often referred to as the study of the obvious. |
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| Our everyday commonsense observations are generally based on narrow often biased preconceptions and personal experiences. These can lead us to accept without criticism invalid assumptions about the characteristics of social phenomena and behavior. |
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| Individuals who simultaneously kill at least four victims. |
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| within FAMILIES or among ACQUAINTANCES. |
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| Most mass murders occur within _____ or among ______ |
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| Typically mass murderers target spouses and all of their children, or bosses and their co-workers. |
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| Typically mass murderers target ________ |
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| Far from being impulsive, most mass murderers are methodical and selective. They usually plan their attacks and are quite selective as to the victims they they choose to kill. |
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| Are mass murderers impulsive? |
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| Mass killings are more likely to occur in small-town or rural settings whereas single-victim crimes do. |
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| Mass killings are more likely to occur in ________ |
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| In the deep south arguments are often settled with ______ |
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| ______ is the weapon of choice in mass-murder incidents. |
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| Mass murderers are especially likely to be (__MALE__), are far more likely to be (__WHITE__), and are somewhat (__OLDER, MIDDLE AGED__). |
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Definition
| Mass murderers are especially likely to be (__gender__), are far more likely to be (__race__), and are somewhat (__age__). |
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| The single victim offender is a (__YOUNGER__) (__MALE__) and slightly more often (__BLACK THAN WHITE__). |
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Definition
| The single victim offender is a (__age__) (__gender__) and slightly more often (__race__). |
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Term
(1) Differences between groups
(2) Coorelations/Associations between variables |
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Definition
| Two main types of hypotheses. |
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Term
(1) Teh problem to be studied is reduced to a testable hypothesis (for example, "one-parent families generate more delinquincy than two-parent families").
(2) An appropriate set of instruments is developed (for example, a questionnaire or an interview schedule).
(3) The data are collected (that is, the researcher might go into the field and conduct a poll or survey)
(4) The data are analyzed for their bearing on the initial hypotheses.
(5) Results of the analysis are interpreted and communicated to an audience (for example, by means of a lecture, journal article, or press release.) |
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Definition
| The stages of social research. |
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(1) Classify or categorize at the nominal level of measurement
(2) Rank or order at the ordinal level of measurement
(3) Assign a score at the interval level of measurement. |
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Definition
| Numbers have at least three important functions for social researchers. What are they? |
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| Nominal Level of Measurement |
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Definition
| The ______ level of measurement involves naming or labeling, that is, placing cases into categories and counting their frequency of occurrence. |
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| Ordinal Level of Measurement |
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Definition
| The ____ level of measurement yields information about the ordering of categories, but does not indicate the magnitude of differences between numbers. |
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| Interval Level of Measurement |
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Definition
| _______ level of measurement not only tells us about the ordering of categories but also indicates the exact distance between them. |
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| Ration Interval Level of Measurement |
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Definition
| Which level of measurement is the most powerful stats test |
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Term
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Definition
| Taking info from a sample to make a statement about the population from which the sample was taken. |
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| Info about a sample (Sometimes a population) |
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| Nominal-Level of Measurement |
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Definition
| Other ___ levels of measurement in social research are gender (male versus female), welfare status (recipient versus nonrecipient), political party (Republican, Democrat, and Libertarian), social character (inner directed, other directed, and tradition directed), mode of adaptation (conformity, innovation, ritualism, retreatism, and rebellion), and time orientation (present, past, and furute), to mention only a few. |
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Term
| Nominal Level of Measurement |
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Definition
| When dealing with _____ level of measurement, we must keep in mind that every case must be placed in one, and only one, category. This requirement indicates that the categories must be nonoverlapping, or mutually exclusive. The requirement also indicates that the categories must be exhaustive--there must be a place for every case that arises. |
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Term
| Whenever possible, researchers choose to treat __(ORDINAL)__ variables as __(INTERVAL)__, but only when it is reasonable to assume that the scale has roughly equal variables. |
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Definition
| Whenever possible, researchers choose to treat ____ variables as ____, but only when it is reasonable to assume that the scale has roughly equal variables. |
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Term
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Definition
| A set of techniques for the reduction of quantitative data (that is, a series of numbers) to a small number of more convenient and easily communicated descriptive terms. |
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Definition
| Social researchers call the llarger group from which a sample is drawn from a _______. |
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Definition
| A set of decision making techniques that aid researchers in drawing inferences from samples to populations and, hence, in testing hypotheses regarding the nature of social reality. |
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Term
| Round a final answer to two more decimal digits than contained in the original scores. |
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Definition
| For occasions when you need to round, the following rule can be applied: round a final answer to _________. |
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| Ordinal Level of Measurement |
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Definition
| Someone who ranks a list of cities from slowest to fastest pace of life is operating at the _____ level of measurement. |
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| Interval Level of Measurement |
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Definition
| A researcher who scores a set of respondents from 1 to 10 in terms of their degree of empathy for accident victims is working at the ______ level of measurement. |
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Definition
Identify the level of measurement--- nominal, ordinal, or interval--- represented in each of the following questionnaire item:
Your Sex:
1___ Male
2___ Female |
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Definition
Identify the level of measurement--- nominal, ordinal, or interval--- represented in each of the following questionnaire items:
Your Age:
1__ Younger than 20
2__ 20-29
3__ 30-39
4__ 40-49
5__ 50-59
6__ 60-69
7__ 70 or Older |
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Definition
Identify the level of measurement--- nominal, ordinal, or interval--- represented in each of the following questionnaire items:
How many people are in your immediate family? |
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Definition
Identify the level of measurement--- nominal, ordinal, or interval--- represented in each of the following questionnaire items:
Specify the highest level of education achieved by your mother:
1__ None
2__ Elementary School
3__ Some High School
4__ Graduated High School
5__ Some College
6__ Graduated College
7__ Graduate School |
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Definition
Identify the level of measurement--- nominal, ordinal, or interval--- represented in each of the following questionnaire items:
Your annual income from all sources: __ |
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Definition
Identify the level of measurement--- nominal, ordinal, or interval--- represented in each of the following questionnaire items:
Your religious preference:
1__ Protestant
2__ Catholic
3__ Jewish
4__ Other ______ (specify) |
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Definition
Identify the level of measurement--- nominal, ordinal, or interval--- represented in each of the following questionnaire items:
The social class to which your parents belong:
1__ Upper
2__ Upper middle
3__ Middle middle
4__ Lower middle
5__ Lower |
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Definition
Identify the level of measurement--- nominal, ordinal, or interval--- represented in each of the following questionnaire items:
In which of the following regions do your parents presently live?
1__ Northest
2__ South
3__ Midwest
4__ West
5__ Other ______ (specify) |
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Term
| Interval (assuming equal points on a scale) |
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Definition
Identify the level of measurement--- nominal, ordinal, or interval--- represented in each of the following questionnaire items:
Indicate your political oreintation by placing an X in teh appropriate space:
LIBERAL _ : _ : _ : _ : _ CONSERVATIVE
1 2 3 4 5 |
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Definition
For each following item, indicate the level of measurement-- nominal, ordinal, or interval:
A. A tailor uses a tape measure to determine exactly where to cut a piece of cloth. |
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Definition
For each following item, indicate the level of measurement-- nominal, ordinal, or interval:
B. The speed of runners in a race is timed in seconds by a judge with a stopwatch. |
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Definition
For each following item, indicate the level of measurement-- nominal, ordinal, or interval:
C. Based on attendance figures, a ranking of the "top 10" rock concerts for the year is complied by the editors of a music magazine |
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Definition
For each following item, indicate the level of measurement-- nominal, ordinal, or interval:
D. A zoologist counts the number of tigers, lions, and elephants that she sees in a designated wildlife conservation area. |
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Definition
For each following item, indicate the level of measurement-- nominal, ordinal, or interval:
E. A convenience store clerk is asked to take an inventory of all items still on the shelves at the end of the month. |
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Definition
For each following item, indicate the level of measurement-- nominal, ordinal, or interval:
F. The student life director at a small college counts the number of freshmen, sophomores, juniors, and seniors living in residence halls on campus. |
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Definition
For each following item, indicate the level of measurement-- nominal, ordinal, or interval:
Using a yardstick, a parent measures the growth of his child on a yearly basis. |
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Definition
For each following item, indicate the level of measurement-- nominal, ordinal, or interval:
H. In a track meet, runners in a half-mile race were ranked first, second, and third place. |
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Definition
| A researcher who ranks a list of countries according to how much they have depleted their natural resources is working at the ___ level of measurement. |
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Definition
| Governments can be divided into three different types---unitary governments, federal governments, and confederations-- depending on where the concentration of power is located. This would be considered which level of measurement. |
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Definition
A sociologist conducts a survey to determine the effects of family size on various aspects of life. For each of the following questionnaire items, identify the level of measurement (nominal, ordinal, or interval):
A. Does family size affect school performance? Students are asked to circle their letter grade (A,B,C,D, or F) in various school subjects. |
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Term
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Definition
A sociologist conducts a survey to determine the effects of family size on various aspects of life. For each of the following questionnaire items, identify the level of measurement (nominal, ordinal, or interval):
B. Does family size differ by socioeconomic status? Parents are asked to provide their yearly income in dollars. |
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Term
| Interval (assuming their are equal intervals between points on the scale) |
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Definition
A sociologist conducts a survey to determine the effects of family size on various aspects of life. For each of the following questionnaire items, identify the level of measurement (nominal, ordinal, or interval):
Does parental health differ by family size? Parents are asked to rate their overall health on a scale from 1 to 5, with 1 being in very good health and 5 being in very poor health. |
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Term
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Definition
A sociologist conducts a survey to determine the effects of family size on various aspects of life. For each of the following questionnaire items, identify the level of measurement (nominal, ordinal, or interval):
D. Do the effects of family size differ with race and ethnicity? Respondents are asked to indicate if they are Black, White, Hispanic, Asian, or other. |
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Term
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Definition
Identify the level of measurement (nominal, ordinal, or interval) in each of the following items:
A. American psychologist William Sheldon developed the idea that there are three major body types: ectomorph, endomorph, and mesomorph. |
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Term
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Definition
Identify the level of measurement (nominal, ordinal, or interval) in each of the following items:
B. In a study of short-term memory, a psychologist measures in seconds the time it takes for participants to remember words and numbers that were told to them an hour earlier. |
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Term
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Definition
Identify the level of measurement (nominal, ordinal, or interval) in each of the following items:
C. The same psychologist then groups the participants according to how good their short-term memory is, distributing them into five categories that range from "Very good short-term memory" to "Very poor short-term memory." |
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Term
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Definition
Identify the level of measurement (nominal, ordinal, or interval) in each of the following items:
D. Participants in a study about eating disorders are asked how many times they eat per day. |
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Term
| Interval (assuming equal intervals between points on a scale) |
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Definition
Identify the level of measurement (nominal, ordinal, or interval) in each of the following items:
E. Based on blood-pressure readings, a psychologist ranks the stressfulness of various activities on a scale of 1-10, with 1 being the least stressful and 10 being the most stressful. |
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Term
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Definition
Identify the level of measurement (nominal, ordinal, or interval) in each of the following items:
F. In a study on color blindness, a psychologist counts the number of times that participants are able to identify the colors red, yellow, and blue in order to categorize them as either color blind or not color blind. |
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Term
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Definition
Identify the level of measurement (nominal, ordinal, or interval) in each of the following items:
G. A researcher interested in family relations focuses on the birth order of siblings. |
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Definition
For a very small group of clients, a psychologist conducts a survey and determines that the most common phobia in the group is acrophobia (fear of heights). In this case, statistics are being used as a tool to perform which function?
A. Ranking
B. Population
C. Description
D. Decision making
E. Generalization |
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