Term
| What is social about emotion? |
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Definition
When we experience a physiological reaction that is part of an emotion, before we can decide which emotion is involved, we have to interpret the physical sensation in its social context (p. 260). To the degree that we are actively experiencing, interpreting, and constructing our social world, we are also interpreting and constructing our emotions (p. 261). We label our feelings with the culturally appropriate sentiment to make sense of our diverse emotional responses (p. 263).
o Nearly all human emotion occurs in response to actual, anticipated, remembered, or imagined social interaction
o The experience of emotion is socially patterned
o The expression of emotion is socially patterned |
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Term
| What were the five social emotions described by your text? (just list them) |
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Definition
| Guilt, Shame, Jealousy, Empathy, Love |
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Term
| Define GUILT as part of the 5 social emotions in the text |
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Definition
Feel guilt when we judge that we have done something that we should not have
inherently evaluative
self-reflexive - we see ourselves through other people's eyes
implies action - need to do something to return to a more pleasant psychological state
social functions:
1.socialization
2. use guilt as a method to get what they want from others
3. it functions to support and strengthen relationships |
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Term
| Define SHAME as part of the 5 social emotions in the text |
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Definition
Shame is much deeper and long-lasting than guilt
Shame is more about how you evaluate yourself as a person
One way to reduce shame is to escape the blame for the problems that caused it (blaming others).
"shame anger cycle" - when the person who has been shamed tries to escape the shame by blaming others. this makes them mad at the new accuser |
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Term
| Define JEALOUSY as part of the 5 social emotions in the text |
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Definition
Often the result of a triad of relationships in which the jealous person has lost a significant relationship with a second person.
One function of jealousy is to draw oneself back into social interaction.
Jealousy can signal to others in the environment that the jealous person has some kind of claim on the object in question. |
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Term
| Define EMPATHY as part of the 5 social emotions in the text |
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Definition
Invoked by imagining yourself in the position of the other - men and women do not differ w/respect to empathetic abilities
Important social functions: promotes altruism and prosocial behavior, assists in developing strong interpersonal relationships, and it inhibits aggressive behavior. |
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Term
| Define LOVE as part of the 5 social emotions in the text |
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Definition
Involves at least 2 people
the type of love involved, and the experience of it, depends very heavily on the relationship to the object of love and the reaction to any expression of love |
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Term
| What were some early insights about emotion offered by Marx? |
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Definition
Karl Marx
o Emotions reflect class
o Emotions (and suppression of emotions) support class structure |
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Term
| What were some early insights about emotion offered by Weber? |
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Definition
Max Weber
o Rational bureaucracies purge emotion from institutions
o Charismatic leadership is an emotional counterforce to bureaucratic mobilization. |
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Term
| What were some early insights about emotion offered by Durkheim? |
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Definition
Emile Durkheim
o Focused collective emotional response as a social fact rather than a personal experience
o Collective effervescence, religious ecstasy |
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Term
| What were some early insights about emotion offered by Darwin? |
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Definition
Charles Darwin
o Emotional expressions are innate
o Biologically determined
o Should be roughly same for all humans |
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Term
| What were some early insights about emotion offered by Mead? |
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Definition
Margaret Mead
o Emotional expressions are learned
o Culturally situated |
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Term
| What were some early insights about emotion offered by Elkman? |
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Definition
Paul Ekman
o Conducted “Universality Studies”
o 6 emotional expressions across five different countries
o Do they match? Mostly yes
o Critique: only accessing one Culture
o He then replicated it to non-industrialized nations
- Still showed roughly same emotions |
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Term
| What were some early insights about emotion offered by Freud? |
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Definition
Freud
found the sources of emotions (particularly anxiety and guilt) in repressed childhood sexual desires
many of his ideas have been discredited
contributions:
*emotions can develop unconsciously
*individual's past experiences play a role in helping to understand the meaning of emotions and physical sensations that accompany them |
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Term
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Definition
--short-lived reactions to a stimulus outside of the individual that involve both physiological and cognitive reactions. generally related to goals
--Directed, limited duration, more intense, individually experienced |
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Term
|
Definition
--A general psychological condition that characterizes our experience and emotional orientation for an extended period of time. they are diffuse, in that they can be directed at anything that comes in our path
---Longer duration, diffuse, mild |
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Term
|
Definition
--Socially significant feelings such as grief, love, jealously, or indignation that arise out of enduring social relationships. Each sentiment is a pattern of sensations, emotions, actions, and cultural beliefs appropriate to a social relationship
--- Socially learned, constructed, shared .
OTHER DEFINITION IN STUDY GUIDE:
o Shared cultural meanings attached to symbols. They are highly social in their construction and can endure for days, weeks, and even years after the initial event that triggered them. |
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Term
| According to Thoits, what are the four components of emotional experience? |
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Definition
1. situational stimulus
2. physiological changes
3. expressive gesturing of some kind
4. a label to identify a cluster of the first three |
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Term
| What evidence do we have about the cultural universality of emotion? |
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Definition
Paul Eckman's studies---found that facial expressions of 6 emotions are all readily recognized by almost all cultures
Ekman’s Universality of Emotions Study:
o 5 countries, 6 emotions (happy, disgust, surprise, sad, anger, fear)
o Overall, high %s of universal recognition of emotion
o Fear was not as easily recognizable
o Emotions with lower % of recognition may have something to do with cultural specificity
o Some amount of cross-cultural consensus, but with some cultural variations |
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Term
| According to Ekman’s research, which six emotions are crossculturally universal? |
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Definition
| happiness, sadness, surprise, fear, anger, and disgust |
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Term
| What is some of the evidence for cultural specificity of emotions? |
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Definition
the expression of even the most primary of emotions is heavily influenced by cultural norms and can vary a great deal from place to place (not sure if this is right, but it's the best i could find)
-culture specific emotions (shadenfreud, amae, jung, etc)
- differences in cultural display rules (think collectivist vs. individualistic expression of emotion in public) |
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Term
| What are some examples of culture-specific emotions? |
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Definition
· Schadenfreude (German): Pleasure derived from another’s misfortune-We understand this but we have no word, but this word is gradually becoming in our linguists.
· Amae (Japan): Indulgent independence, naïve/immature/simple, spoiled, child like emotion
· Jung (Korea): attachment, affection
· Han (Korea): Rancor, enmity
· Jung-Han (Korea): neurotic suffering |
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Term
| What are some differences in the rules in collectivist and individualist oriented cultures? |
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Definition
o Self – ingroup relations → INDIVIDUALISTIC CULTURES = express negative feelings, less need to display positive feelings;
COLLECTIVISTIC CULTURES = suppress negative expressions of feelings, pressure to display positive feelings
o Self – outgroup relations → INDIVIDUALISTIC CULTURES = suppress negative feelings, express positive feelings as would toward ingroups;
COLLECTIVISTIC CULTURES= express negative feelings, suppress display of positive feelings reserved for ingroups
collectivist oriented cultures
-report low emotional intensity
-pay higher attention to vocal cues
-expression of happiness promotes connection to others
-shame is of central importance
-anger is dangerous and must be suppressed
-elaborate mourning rituals (related to grief)
individualist oriented cultures
-report high emotional intensity
-pay higher attention to word meanings
-expression of happiness reflects individual achievement
-guilt is more important, shame develops later
-anger is healthy and promotes assertiveness
-brief mourning period followed by a return to normal life |
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Term
| According to lecture, what are the two components of emotion cultures? |
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Definition
| -feeling rules and expression rules |
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Term
| How do we comply with feeling rules? |
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Definition
-feeling rules: rules that dictate what people with our role identities ought to feel in a given situation
-when individuals act in accordance with feeling rules, they often begin to actually change their internal feelings to bring then in line with the way they are feeling (ex: flight attendants) |
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Term
| How do we comply with expression rules? |
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Definition
| by not publicly showing the expression of the emotion either by surface acting (presenting oneself as a certain way, even if feel differently) and by deep acting (making yourself feel the way you are supposed to in the particular situation) |
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Term
| What is the difference between emotion work and emotion labor? |
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Definition
emotion work: attempts to change the intensity or quality of our feelings to bring them into line with the requirements of the occasion
emotion labor: emotion work for money (flight attendant, waitress, etc) |
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Term
| According to Thoits in the Chin and Jacobson chapter, what kinds of situations lead to greater likelihoods of experiencing inappropriate emotion? |
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Definition
--When structural conditions are complex, multifaceted, and/or highly demanding, but the norms which apply to those situations are simple and clear
--When people hold multiple roles they may experience inappropriate feelings due to conflicting emotional expectations attached to those roles
--During periods of structural change individuals can experience new, unexpected, or unusual life situtations that lack ritualized norms
--People's innate or spontaneous emotional reactions to environmental stimuli can conflict with existing emotion norms. |
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Term
| According to Thoits, what is reciprocal emotion management? |
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Definition
| A form of interpersonal emotion management (techniques that actively manipulate other people's emotions) in which actors apply to others strategies that work for themselves. (p 283) |
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Term
| What is emotional capital? What is Schacter-Singer’s Two Factor Theory of Emotion? |
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Definition
· Connection between labeling and physiological changes
· Emotion: Need label and physiological response; one without the other does not constitute emotion
· Gave everyone shot of either epinephrine or placebo (adrenaline)
o Schacter and Singer’s 2 Factor Theory of Emotion
§ Studies of connection between physiologies of emotion and emotional labels
§ Emotions not generalizable but not very specific either
§ Two factor model: need physiological response and emotional label to make emotion happen
§ Study: gave people either adrenaline (Epinephrine) or saline shot
· Guy either tells you good things about the study or tell you they’re going to sue the doctor because it was horrible
· People with saline equal levels of anger or happiness
o Unspecific physiological activation
§ This is a necessary but not sufficient condition to elicit an emotion
o Cognitive interpretation of the situation
§ Determines the quality of an emotion
o Logic
§ If there exists physiological arousal for which there is no explanation → Quality of emotion depends on cognitive interpretation. The same state of physiological arousal can be experienced as either joy or anger.
§ If physiological arousal can be explained → No emotion
§ Identical cognitive interpretations elicit an emotion only if there is physiological arousal
o Schachter & Singer’s Experimental Design
§ Euphoria
· Placebo
· Epinephrine Informed
· Epinephrine Uninformed
· Epinephrine Misinformed
§ Anger
· Placebo
· Epinephrine Informed
· Epinephrine Uninformed |
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Term
| What is cognitive labeling theory? |
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Definition
| A theory about emotional experience involving a three-step process including a physiological reaction, an explanation for the reaction, and a label derived from situational cues. The theory further assumes that physical arousal is a general state and which emotions become attributed to arousal depends on the context. |
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Term
| What is Frank’s Theory of Moral Sentiments? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are some solutions to the commitment problem |
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Definition
Solution 1: Blackmail
o Philosopher’s traditional solution to the commitment problem
Solution 2: Contracts
o Legalist’s solution
Solution 3: Signaling
· Complication: Mimicry |
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Term
| What are the three main components of Affect Control Theory? |
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Definition
The three components are:
1. Metric- Evaluation, potency, Activity
2. Impression- Formation Equations
3. Affect Control Principle |
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Term
|
Definition
a. Evaluation (good v bad)
a. Potency: Powerfullness v/ Powerlessness
b. Activity: fast, young, noisy v slow, old, quiet. |
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Term
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Definition
| New meanings evoked by events in the current situation |
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Term
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Definition
o The amount of disruption in the definition of the situation produced by current events
· The squared EPA distance between sentiments and impressions
· Property of the system, not of individuals
· Pathagorean theorem |
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Term
| What is the principle of affect control? |
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Definition
Individuals behave in a ways that maintain their affective expectations generated by their definition of the situation.
Based off three areas of sentiment, impression, and deflection.
sentiment- shared cultural meanings attached to symbols
impression- new meanings evoked by events in the current situation
deflection- the amount of disruption in the definition of the situation produced by the current event |
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Term
| What three types of emotion does affect control theory predict? |
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Definition
1. Characteristic-identity
2. Structural-Dyad (prof-student)
3. Consequent-outcomes |
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Term
| What are three behavioral consequences of emotion in affect control theory? |
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Definition
1. Compensatory-bring back in line (remorse)
2. Mood-induced-Bring state with us
3. Emotion goal-induced (management)-Change situation |
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Term
| What two roles do emotions serve in affect control theory? |
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Definition
1. Signaling-information on situation
2. Motivation |
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Term
| According to Jackson, what is role accumulation theory? |
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Definition
| role identities are protective because they make life meaningful, purposeful, and gratifying. Individuals who enact social roles are exposed to other actors who help them develop personality traits and proper social skills through learning to put oneself in another's shoes (generalized other). People with many social roles are highly integrated into society, and the people with the most social roles are said to have better mental well being. |
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Term
| What did Jackson find about the relationship between roles and mental health? |
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Definition
Role Occupancy
o Blacks and Mexicans show no difference in number of identities
- More than Puerto Ricans, less than whites.
Effects of Role Acquisitions on Mental Health
o Role accumulations improves mental health for whites
o No correlation between roles and mental health among blacks
o Benefits Mexicans
Role Status on Mental Health
o Benefit:
- Blacks -> Married
- Mexicans -> Workers |
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Term
| What two forms of distress were cited by Ross and Mirowsky in the chapter in Chin and Jacobson? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are some problems with the medical model of anger? |
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Definition
| The medical model of anger views anger as the problem itself, rather than a consequence of social problems. |
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Term
| According to these authors, what is the relationship between socioeconomic status and distress? |
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Definition
| The higher one's socioeconomic status, the lower one's level of distress. |
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Term
| What is the role of family status? |
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Definition
| compared with married people, the single, divorced, and widowed have higher levesl of depression, anxiety, and other forms of psychological distress, they have more physical health problems as indicated by acute conditions, chronic conditions, days of disability, and self reported health, and their death rates are higher. children do not improve parents psych well being. |
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Term
| What is the role of personal control? |
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Definition
| the more personal control, the less distress and anxiety on is likely to feel. education and high SES raise sense of personal control. |
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Term
| What are some conditions that moderate the influence of social status on distress? |
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Definition
| education (greater effect for the disadvantaged) because it increases human capital, teaches people motivation, dependability, effort, confidence, trust, and it also increases learned effectiveness. |
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Term
| How do social statuses lead to differences in general levels of trust/distrust? |
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Definition
| Those living in low SES neighborhoods generally have more disorders, more powerlessness, and structural amplication of mistrsust. in general, individual SES correlates with mistrust. |
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Term
| What are some theories of norm violation described by your text? (just list them) |
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Definition
| anomie, control, and differential association theories |
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Term
|
Definition
a theory of norm violation
the theory that deviant behavior arises when people striving to achieve culturally valued goals find they do not have access to the legitimate means of attaining these goals |
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Term
|
Definition
a theory of norm violation
the theory that an individual's tendency to engage in deviant behavior is influenced by his or her ties to other persons. There are four components of such ties: attachment, commitment, involvement, and belief |
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Term
| Differential Association Theory |
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Definition
a theory of norm violation
the theory that deviant behavior occurs when people learn definitions favorable to the behavior through their associations with other persons |
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Term
| How do learning structures and opportunity structures lead to deviance according to anomie theory? |
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Definition
| if someone is not able to attain one of the goals that society emphasizes as important due to learning stuctures and opportunity structures, they are likely to feel anomie (state that reduces commitment to norms or the pursuit of goals). it predicts lower SES will be more deviant |
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Term
| According to control theory, what leads to deviance? |
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Definition
| social ties influence our tendency to engage in deviant behavior. |
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Term
| How does differential association theory explain deviance? |
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Definition
| o although the law provides a uniform standard for deviance, one group may define a behavior as deviant, whereas another group defines it as desirable. principle of differential association: "a person becomes delinquent because of an excess of definitions favorable to violation of the law over definitions unfavorable to violation of the law" |
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Term
| How does routine activities theory predict deviant behavior? |
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Definition
| Focuses on a third class of influences-how these behaviors emerge from the routines of everyday life. |
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Term
| What does labeling theory say about our responses to norm violation? |
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Definition
o Denial- dont recognize rule violation occured
o Normalization- recognizes that act occured, but doesnt define it as deviant
o Excuse- recognize as rule violation, but say it happend because of situational factors
o Balancing it- recognize it, but de-emphasize in light of actor's good qualities |
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Term
| What determines these responses? (norm violation) |
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Definition
o Actor characteristics
- Reaction to a rule violation often depends on who performs the act.
o Audience characteristics
- The reaction to a violation of rules also depends on who witnesses it.
- Social identity theory suggests that the group membership of the deviant person and the audience both influence reactions
o Situational Characteristics
- Depends on the definition of the situation in which the behavior occurs. |
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Term
| According to labeling theory, what are the four consequences of defining an act as deviant? |
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Definition
1. institutionalization of deviance
2. Backtracking
3. Effective Social Control
4. Unanticipated deviance |
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Term
| What is secondary deviance? |
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Definition
| a person engages increasingly in deviant behavior as an adjustment to other’s reactions |
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Term
| What is the deterrence hypothesis |
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Definition
| The arrest and punishment of some individuals for violations of the law deters others from committing the same violations. |
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Term
| What is collective behavior? |
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Definition
· Refers to two or more persons engaged in behavior judged common or concerted on one or more dimensions.
· Collective behavior may occur at a single point, at a larger site, or across an entire state or nation, from a few minutes, to several hours, to several days. |
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Term
| What is the difference between a crowd and a gathering? |
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Definition
o CROWD: is a temporary gathering of persons in close physical proximity, engaging in joint activity that is unconventional. high levels of emotion; a substantial number of persons who engage in behavior recognized as unusual by participants and observers
o GATHERING: a temporary collection of two or more persons occupying a common space and time frame. 3 phases- assembling, activities, and dispersal; |
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Term
| What does contagion theory say about crowd behavior? |
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Definition
| - Contagious tendencies. people in general tend to conform to behavior of others, and in a crowd, behavior can spread like a disease. |
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Term
| What is the current status of contagion theory? |
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Definition
| it is viewed to be wrong based on it's incorrect stereotypes about crowd irrationality, emotionality, suggestibility, destructiveness, spontaneity, anonymity, and unanimity |
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Term
| How does emergent norm theory address the critiques of contagion theory? |
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Definition
- Emergent Norm Theory applies to collective behavior that occurs when people find themselves in an undefined or unanticipated situation.
MAY BE WRONG CHECK STUDY GUIDE LATER |
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Term
| What are some of the underlying causes of collective behavior? |
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Definition
o Strain: Social change may disrupt equilibrium, so that one aspect of society is no longer in balance with other aspects.
o Relative Deprivation
- J-Curve theory
· The “state of mind” of citizens determines whether there is political stability or revolution.
-Such a gap between one’s desired level of need satisfaction and one’s actual need satisfactions is called relative deprivation.
o Grievances and Competition
- A grievance is a discontent with the existing distribution of resources
- Competitive action involves conflict between communal groups, on a local scale. (ex: violence against an ethnic group)
- Reactive involves a conflict between a local group and the agents of a national political system. (ex: tax rebellions, govt protests)
- Proactive involves demands for material resources, rights, or power. an attempt to influence, not resist, authority (ex: strikes for equal rights) |
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Term
| How well does relative deprivation theory predict the occurrence of riots? |
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Definition
| Many studies have failed to find a relationship between increased relative deprivation and increased chances of collective behavior. But there have also been successes for relative deprivation theory as well-- women with increased RD were more likely to have engaged in collective behavior and were more likely to expect to participate in the future. It is the feeling about one's group being deprived that is most important, rather than feelings about our own individual condition (p. 534). Spilerman found that neither absolute nor relative deprivation was associated with the severity of riots. Thus, relative deprivation does not appear to be very important in predicting where and when rioting will occur (p. 537). |
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Term
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Definition
General features of the society are suggested to have had an impact on Black protests. Temperature (especially an increase in temperature) makes riots more likely. Selection of targets also occurs, where the looting and vandalism of businesses is often selective (higher average prices, familiarity with the interior, larger percentage of Black customers, retaliation, and white ownership). Social control and collective behavior-- social control agents (police) strongly influence the course of a riot once it begins-- in some cases, the mere appearance of authorities at the scene sets off collective action.
This information was found on pages 537, 539, and 540 (you might want to read over it). |
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Term
| What does the J-curve theory say about the onset of revolutions? |
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Definition
| J- Curve theory: The “state of mind” of citizens determines whether there is political stability or revolution. |
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Term
| What is a social movement? |
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Definition
| · Social Movement: Collective activity that expresses a high level of concern about some issue. organization is key difference between this and collective behavior. |
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Term
| How are social movement organizations in the impact of movements |
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Definition
| If a movement is to have any impact, there must be some degree of organization to exert continuing pressure for (or resistance to) change. A group of persons with defined roles engaged in sustained activity that reflects a movement's ideology is a movement organization. It is developed through mobilization of people and resources. Once developed, the organization is influenced by its environment and by its own internal processes (p. 545, 552) |
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Term
| What are some predictors of movement success? |
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Definition
A movement's success or failure often depends on the reaction of authorities outside the movement organization. Those in positions of power can use various strategies in dealing with a social movement
1) restrict the movement via social control
2) conciliation/negotiation
3) By responding to conciliation from authorities, a movement may achieve at least some of its objectives.
Also, over time, new members come in to the movement-- this process of replacement of members over time may lead to changes in the movement's ideology and strategy and influence whether the movement is successful or not (p. 551). Basically, success/failure of a movement depends on the reactions of authorities outside the movement-- whether those in positions of power try to exercise control or to negotiate and attempt to ameliorate the sources of strain or deprivation (p. 552). |
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Term
|
Definition
| Can result in a temporary reduction in self-awareness and sense of personal responsibility. |
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Term
|
Definition
| The process of articulating their idea for the consumption of others is called social movement framing. |
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Term
| What is a companion cluster? |
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Definition
| family, friends, or acquaintances |
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Term
|
Definition
-the process through which a movement's ideology becomes the individual's fundamental perspective
-involves persuasion and "consciousness raising"; is an attempt to change the individual's worldview
-usually accomplished during a period of intensive interaction with other movement members; a labor-intensive mobilization strategy |
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Term
| What did Darnell and Sherkat find in their research on Protestant fundamentalism and EDUCATIONAL ASPIRATIONS? |
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Definition
· Conservative Protestants and Biblical inerrantist views have significantly lower educational aspirations than other respondents.
· Parents religious orientations and denominations also influence youths’ educational choices. |
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Term
| What did Darnell and Sherkat find in their research on Protestant fundamentalism and EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT? |
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Definition
| Both conservative protestants and biblical inerrantists had less educational attainment |
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Term
| How do other social variables (e.g., gender, race, being Southern) relate to religious fundamentalism? |
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Definition
Parents with high SES (income and education) are far less likely to be conservative and therefore won't make their kids that way
Girls and people from the South are more likely to be religious fundamentalists |
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Term
| Do these variables account for the effects on educational attainment? |
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Definition
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