Term
| T/F: A response is a change in behavior produced by a stimulus |
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Definition
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Term
Which of the following is a common criticism of evolutionary theory?
a. it characterizes social behavior as hedonistic
b. none of the above
c. it cannot explain deviant behavior
d. it places too much emphasis on rationality and not enough emphasis on emotions
e. it sometimes oversimplifies the ways is which people process information |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| interviews the same individuals several times over a period of time |
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Term
A statement that a specific event or behavior is caused by some other event or social process is a(n):
a)independent variable
b)none of the above
c) theory
d) hunch
e)methodology |
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Definition
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Term
| As she grew older, Kendra realized that she holds many of the same beliefs about what is socially acceptable as her parents do. Which process of socialization offers the best explanation for why Kendra and her parents agree on acceptable standards of behavior? |
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Definition
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Term
| Despite earning a low salary, John enjoys his job because of the intellectual stimulation. This is an example of: |
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Definition
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Term
| A lottery player who buys tickets daily even though he/she only occasionally wins is following which schedule of reinforcement? |
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Definition
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Term
| T/F: Charlie is fired from her job. She decides it is because the company is not making money right now and can’t afford to keep her. She is attributing her firing to a disposition. |
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Definition
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Term
| When observers forming an impression of a person give more weight to information received early in a sequence than to information received later, it is called the |
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Definition
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Term
| Frank believes that his mathematical abilities are stable but that what he makes on a math exam is due to mostly external factors. |
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Definition
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Term
| An influence on behavior due to the likelihood that other persons will learn about a behavior and respond negatively or positively is termed |
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Definition
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Term
| An individual’s perception of others’ beliefs about whether or not a behavior is appropriate is called |
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Definition
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Term
| a theory of reasoned action helps to |
|
Definition
| specify the relationship between attitudes and behavior |
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Term
| Overall recent changes in the life course have made adulthood |
|
Definition
| a more problematic construction than in the past |
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Term
| Central to the life course perspective, what is considered to be the most influential factor in the life course perspective’s presence in the social and behavior sciences? |
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Definition
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Term
After seeing the headlines regarding a tragic airline disaster, Bart decides it is safer to travel by car:
a) the availability heuristic
b) the representativeness heuristic
c) stereotyping
d) the anchoring heuristic |
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Definition
| a) the availability heuristic |
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Term
| Use of the availability heuristic relies most on which of the following types of knowledge structures? |
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Definition
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Term
A social psychologist visited Homestead, FL to observe how people conducted their lives after Hurricane Andrew. She then compared their activities to those observed in a comparable Florida community not hit by the hurricane. The researcher would be using which of the following research methods?
a) classical experiment
b) existing statistics
c) field experiment
d) survey
e) none of the above |
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Definition
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Term
| The belief that people usually behave in ways that conform to expectations known as norms is a central tenet of which theoretical perspective? |
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Definition
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Term
| T/F: Evolutionary psychologists predict that both men and women will be attracted to younger and more attractive mates over other characteristics. |
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Definition
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Term
| T/F: Reinforcement theory has difficulty explaining human innovation |
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Definition
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Term
| Which research methodology produces the most internal validity? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Which of the following research methods would use the least intrusive measures |
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Definition
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Term
Which research methodology can provide, at a moderate cost, an accurate and precise description of attitudes and social characteristics of a population?
a. Laboratory experiments
b. Content analysis
c. None of the above
d. Field experiments
e. Field study |
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Definition
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Term
| Susan recently made a major occupational shift from person-oriented social worker to profit-oriented businesswoman. She is now probably suffering from |
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Definition
|
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Term
Which agent of socialization is intentionally designed to socialize children?
a. None of the above
b. Peers
c. Occupations
d. Family
e. Mass media |
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Definition
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Term
| You are at the beach and you hear a child state “I swimmed just now.” The child’s phrase is an example of |
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Definition
|
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Term
| Frank feels his acing his math test is due to an internal locus of control and a stable feature of mathematics. To what will he attribute his success? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| overestimating the causal impact of what we are focusing on is the |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The belief in the existence of a supreme being is example of which attitude component? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| T/F: reversing an attitude sign is a way to restore balance |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Dissonance commonly occurs in which of the following situations? |
|
Definition
| when an important belief is disconfirmed |
|
|
Term
| In the case of childhood, the formative and fateful impacts of childhood conditions have |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| according to the lecture, fertile research is research that |
|
Definition
| inspires follow up research |
|
|
Term
| which is NOT a core concern of social psychology? |
|
Definition
| the study of intra-individual processes |
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|
Term
A set of functions performed by the person on behalf of the group is a
a. Code of action
b. None of the above
c. Model
d. Position
e. Norm |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Which social psychology theoretical perspective argues that inconsistent beliefs produce changes in behavior? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Any variable that is not expressly included in the hypothesis but has a causal impact is called a(n): |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Which of the following is NOT an objective of social science research? |
|
Definition
| supporting one value over another |
|
|
Term
| A compromise between face to face interviews and self-administered questionnaires is the |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Which of the following is a stage in a child’s language acquisition?
a. All of the above
b. Prespeech stage
c. First-word stage
d. Grammaticization
e. None of the above |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Grading a course on several surprise or “pop” quizzes utilizes which schedule of reinforcement? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| T/F: An unpleasant event following a response that reduces the frequency of the response is a punishment. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| T/F: A schema that organizes our conception of our own qualities is an individual schema. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| low consensus, low distinctiveness, and high consistency usually yield attributions to (the) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Whether an actor behaves differently toward a particular object than toward other objects is a decision of |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which of the following is NOT a function of attitudes |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Unpleasant psychological tension due to cognitive inconsistency is called |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
According to emotions perspective, emotional responses override goal-seeking when:
a. Time is an imminent threat of the unknown
b. Time is limited
c. Unpredictable life conditions
d. All of the above
e. none of the above |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which principle of the life course states that lower early achievement or stigmatized status can lead to a lifetime of cumulative disadvantage? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Taking the role of the other is most incompatible with the use of which of the following heuristics
a) representativeness
b) availability
c) anchoring
d) labelling |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| T/F: When mistakes in judgment appear to be motivated, or emotion-based, we refer to them as “hot errors”. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The idea that an individual’s social behavior emerges through communication and interaction with others is a basic tenet of which theoretical perspective? |
|
Definition
| symbolic interaction theory |
|
|
Term
| Symbolic interaction theory argues that a person’s behavior is |
|
Definition
| A result of communication and interaction with others |
|
|
Term
Which of the following is a characteristic of a science?
a. Observation of facts
b. None of the above
c. Formal methodology
d. All of the above
e. Accumulation of facts and generalizations |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| T/F: In order to determine whether the benefits of a particular research proposal outweigh the potential risks to participants involved, an Institutional Review Board (or human participants committee) will conduct a survey. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Although she prefers sociology, Denise has decided to major in business because business majors usually earn higher incomes. This is an example of: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| T/F: A reinforcement schedule in which reinforcement follows a specified number of correct, non-reinforced responses is a fixed-ration schedule. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| T/F: An abstraction that represents the “typical” or quintessential instance of a class or group is called a role schema. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Assumptions people have about how personality traits are related, which ones go together, and which ones do not, are called |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The process by which we link behaviors to their causes is called |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| “The greater the incentive for engaging in counter-attitudinal behavior, the greater the resulting attitude change” describes the |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Alison doesn’t approve of drinking. Last night, due to peer pressure, she went out drinking. Alison is more likely now experiencing |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Rene wanted to go to the StarTrek convention, but she thought that her friends would find out and think that she is weird. For this reason, Rene decided not to go to the convention. This situation illustrates |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which of the following provides a buffer against unexpected shocks and life events? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| T/F: Equitable relationships are those that have rewards proportional to costs. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| T/F: The use of formal methodology is the hallmark of science that social psychology has the most difficult time measuring up to. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Damaging a participant’s self-concept in an experiment is an example of |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| T/F: Face to face interviews usually have higher response rates than mailed questionnaires |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which of the following is a primary agent of socialization? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| T/F: The amount of psychological punishment parents use declines as the child’s age increases. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| When the latest info we acquire exerts the strongest influence on our impressions, it is called the |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| An organized structure of concepts about some stimuli is called a |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In general, social psychological research on deception has shown that individuals are |
|
Definition
| poor at detecting deception |
|
|
Term
| T/F: an attitude grounded in direct exposure increases the attitude-behavior relationship |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Which of the following is a proposition of role theory?
a) People occupy distinct positions in groups
b) Particular expectations/norms are associated with particular roles/positions
c)All of the above
d)People spend most of their lives as members of groups and organizations
e)None of the above |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Jane gave her class the same IQ test twice, 3 weeks apart, and found the students scored the same both times. This is |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Which of the following is true about the effects of divorce on children?
a) None of the above
b) Children of divorce parents show less psychological problems than children with married parents
c) Children of divorce parents score higher on measures of academics success than children with married parents
d) There are no intergenerational effects on divorce
e)Divorce is more detrimental on children over the age of 16 |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| After his teacher caught him drinking, John was suspended from school. John has since decreased his drinking. This is an example of |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which of the following is NOT a level of moral reasoning in Kohlberg’s model of moral development? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| We perform two major steps when inferring personal dispositions. We try to deduce the individual’s |
|
Definition
| intentions and dispositions |
|
|
Term
A type of mental shortcut that allows individuals to quickly select and apply schemas to new or ambiguous situations is a
a) schema
b)categorization
c)all of the above
d) social perception
e) attribution
f) none of the above |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Frank believes that his mathematical abilities are stable and that the math tests given by his teacher are pretty stable over time. To what will he attribute the success? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A strong like or dislike for members of a specific group is called a |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| T/F: An imbalance state exists when all 3 sentiments are positive |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which core concern of social psychology is more likely to be interested in stereotypes and intergroup conflict? |
|
Definition
| study of the impact of one group on another group |
|
|
Term
Which of the following is a criticism of role theory?
a) It characterizes social behavior as hedonistic
b) It sometimes oversimplifies the ways in which people process info
c) It is based on circular reasoning
d) It places too much emphasis on rationality and not enough emphasis on emotions
e)None of the above |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Inferring info about family life and roles by looking for certain data in written diaries of married women is an example of |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| T/F: Survey respondents always respond truthfully |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Which research methodology can provide, at a moderate cost, an accurate and precise description of attitudes and social characteristics of a population?
a) Field experiments
b) Content analysis
c) Laboratory experiments
d) All of the above
e) None of the above
f) field study |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| When the values and identities of a new role contradict those of earlier roles, this is called |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Research shows that we are more likely to use stereotypes when
a) All of the above
b) We have recently used the stereotype
c) Group membership is especially salient
d) The less we know about an individual
e) None of the above |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the application of reinforcement |
|
|
Term
| T/F: The amount of psychological punishment parents use declines as the child's age increases |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which parenting style results in more positive psychological development? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Event schemas are also termed |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| T/F: Bob thinks that everything bad that happens to his friends is because of a huge governmental conspiracy. This shows that he fallen victim to the fundamental attribution error. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| T/F: LaPiere found that attitudes predicted behavior most of the time in his study of whether anti-Asian prejudice would lead to Asians not getting served. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
According to Giddens (2003), economic transformations and independent influences strongly impact
a) demographic changes
b)gender composition
c) racial and ethnic equality
d) demographic fortitude |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
A person who thinks that all fraternity members are arrogant and mean meets a fraternity member who is humble and nice. After meeting this fraternity member, the person changes his or her ideas about fraternity members. This is an example of
a) principle of cognitive consistency
b) principle of discriminant learning
c) none of the above
d) principle of reinforcement
e) principle of determinism |
|
Definition
| A) principle of cognitive consistency |
|
|
Term
Which core concern of social psychology is most likely to be interested in processes such as socialization and conformity?
1.the study of the impact of one group on another group
2.the study of the impact of a group on an individual member
3. none of the above
4.the study of the impact of individual members on a group
5.the study of the impact of the individual on another individual |
|
Definition
| 2.the study of the impact of a group on an individual member |
|
|
Term
Which core concern of social psychology is most likely to be interested in studying different styles of leadership and innovation in groups?
1. the study of the impact of a group on an individual member
2.none of the above
3.the study of the impact of one group on another group
4.the study of the impact of individual members on a group
5.the study of the impact of the individual on another individual |
|
Definition
| 4.the study of the impact of individual members on a group |
|
|
Term
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of scientific research?
1.methodology
2.reliance on empirical information
3.withholding information about the research from others
4.dissemination of data to others
5.none of the above |
|
Definition
| 3. Withholding information about the research from others |
|
|
Term
Any variable that is not expressly included in the hypothesis but has a causal impact is called a(n)
1. extraneous variable
2. independent variable
3. confounding variable
4. dependent variable
5. none of the above |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What style of attachment describes most adults?
a) secure
b) ambivalent
c) avoidance
d) anxious
e) none of the above |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Which of the following is true about the effects of divorce on children?
1.There are no intergenerational effects on divorce
2.None of the above
3.Divorce is more detrimental on children over the age of 16
4.Children of divorce parents score higher on measures of academics success than children with married parents
5.Children of divorce parents show less psychological problems than children with married parents |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Which of the following is NOT a basis for moral judgment, according to Piaget?
1. none of the above
2. amount of harm/benefit
3. amount of internalization
4. the application of agreed upon rules or norms
5. actor's intentions |
|
Definition
| 3. amount of internalization |
|
|
Term
| T/F: The bulk of the evidence from studies on impression formation supports the averaging model |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Whether an actor behaves differently toward a particular object than toward other objects is a decision of:
1. consistency
2. distinctiveness
3. none of the above
4. covariation
5. consensus |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The perceptions and beliefs about an attitude object are termed the |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What feature of the modern life course influenced Gidden’s (2003) to characterize it as a “runaway world”?
1. increased individualization
2. decreased individualization
3. increased collectivism
4. decreased economic standardization |
|
Definition
| increased individualization |
|
|
Term
If there is no relationship between two variables, we would expect them to have a correlation (r) of
a) +1.00
b) 0.00
c) 10.00
d) none of the above
e)-1.00 |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
In the reasoned action model, what immediately precedes behavior?
a) attitudes toward the behavior
b) intentions
c) subjective norms
d) a primitive belief
e) none of the above |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
When an attitude is linked to more than one set of underlying beliefs, the linkages are termed
1. vertical
2. primitive
3. cognitive
4. horizontal
5. none of the above |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Neil meets Lorna and learns that she is a hard worker. Later many people tell him that she is lazy, but he still thinks she is a hard worker. This illustrates the
1. fundamental attribution error
2. principle of covariation
3. primacy effect
4. recency effect
5. none of the above |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
All of the following account for the patterns of population aging that are challenging economic and national policies EXCEPT:
1.women choosing to have fewer children
2.declining fertility rates
3.increases in per capita homicides
4.increases in average life expectancy |
|
Definition
| 3. increases in per capita homicides |
|
|
Term
Which of the following is NOT a function of attitudes?
1.value expressive function
2.knowledge function
3.unilateral function
4.directional function
5.instrumental function |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| T/F: A state of imbalance results in cognitive consistency. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Which of the following is true about modern racism and sexism?
1.they are easy to confront and address
2.they recognize the need for affirmative action
3.none of the above
4.they are typical of studies done in the first half of the 20th century
5.they overtly characterize Blacks and women as lazy |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Which agent of socialization is intentionally designed to socialize children?
a. None of the above
b. Peers
c. Occupations
d. Family
e. Mass media |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Social psychology can trace its historical roots to |
|
Definition
| Both A and B (the social theorists of 19th-century Europe, the Catholic theologians of medieval Europe) |
|
|
Term
| The linkages between fundamental beliefs and minor beliefs in cognitive structure are termed |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which principle of the life course states that lower early achievement or stigmatized status can lead to a lifetime of cumulative disadvantage? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| T/F: Experimental research is the best method for assessing causality. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Obtaining and analyzing historical records to assess in America over time is an example of |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which of the following is true regarding punishment? |
|
Definition
| Parental use of psychological punishment remains relative steady throughout childhood |
|
|
Term
| Before meeting Sam, Jeff learns that Sam is a former convict. Yet after knowing him a few months, Jeff learns that Sam is trustworthy. He concludes that Sam never should have been convicted of a crime. This illustrates that |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Frank feels his failing his math test is due to an external locus of control that is unstable in nature. To what will he attribute his failure? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Dissonance commonly occurs in which of the following situations |
|
Definition
| when an important belief is disconfirmed |
|
|
Term
| The dean must choose a chairperson. She has an idea of what the ideal chairperson would be. What type of schema is this? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Frank believes that his mathematical abilities are stable and that the math tests given by his math teacher are pretty stable over time. To what will he attribute the success? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Grading a course on several surprise or "pop" quizzes utilizes which schedule of reinforcement? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Overestimating the causal impact of what we are focusing on is the |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which of the following is NOT a strength of field research? |
|
Definition
| they have unproblematic external validity |
|
|
Term
| You are walking in the mall and you see a young child of about five running with his mother running after him. When the mother finally catches her son, she grabs him and tells him that the next time he runs like away from her like that he is going to get a spanking. From this information alone, how would you describe this parenting style? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A theory that holds that attitudes help us obtain our needs and goals is which function of attitudes? |
|
Definition
| the instrumental function |
|
|
Term
| According to the symbolic interactionist perspective, people can communicate only if |
|
Definition
| they have a consensus of meaning |
|
|
Term
| Which core concern of social psychology is most likely to be interested in interpersonal motivations such as interpersonal attraction and persuasion? |
|
Definition
| the study of the impact of the individual on another individual |
|
|
Term
| The major advantage of modeling compared with some other forms of learning is that |
|
Definition
| it is more efficient than trial-and-error learning |
|
|
Term
| Joe strongly dislikes and feels uncomfortable with foreign students. This is an example of which attitude component? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| T/F: The unquestioned acceptance of the credibility of some authority, such as God, is termed a primitive belief |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Low consensus, low distinctiveness, and high consistency usually yield attributions to (the) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| T/F: A fixed set of characteristics we apply to all members of a group are called schemas. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| When participants believe they know the hypothesis under investigation and behave in a way that supports the hypothesis, the resulting threat to internal validity is referred to as |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The process of socialization through which a person learns what response to make in a situation in order to obtain a positive reinforcement or avoid a negative reinforcement is referred to as |
|
Definition
| instrumental conditioning |
|
|
Term
| The tendency to overestimate dispositional causes and underestimate situational causes is the |
|
Definition
| fundamental attribution error |
|
|
Term
Attitudes consist of all of the following components EXCEPT
a)correspondence
b) cognitions
c) none of the above
d) an evaluation
e) a behavioral disposition |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Gina refused to testify against her fellow gang members because she was worried that people would think of her as a traitor. This is an example of which type of moral reasoning? |
|
Definition
|
|
