Term
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Definition
United States leads the world in de facto family diversity. There is experimentation of same-sex marriage and polygomy. And even though laws of disbanded polygomy there are still open secrets about it in certain states of it being practiced.
-It has always been normal and is here to stay. |
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Term
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Definition
| Marriage system in which one person has more than one spouse. |
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Term
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Definition
| Man with more than 1 wife. |
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Term
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Definition
| Woman with more than 1 husband. |
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Term
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Definition
| Mayola in Namibia- requires a man to marry his deceased brother's widow. |
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Term
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Definition
| A specific type of polyandry that mates women to multiple brothers. |
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Term
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Definition
| relationship in which people have “multiple romantic, sexual, and/or affective partners. It differs from swinging in its emphasis on long-term, emotionally intimate relationships and from adultery with its focus on honesty and (ideally) full disclosure of the network of sexual relationships to all who participate in or are affected by them." |
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Term
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Definition
| A form of polyamory where all members are considered equal partners and agree to be sexually active only with other members of the group. |
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Term
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Definition
-Choices take place in and are specific to a social context.
-Individuals who can make choices for themselves independently are “autonomous” (Giddens 1991: 213).
-Individuals are “free” to make their own choices, but they are responsible to a larger collective. |
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Term
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Definition
Autonomy and obligation are socially, historically, and culturally specific.
History: What was true in the past does not necessarily hold today.
Culture and society: What is the norm is one society or culture may not be the norm in another. |
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Term
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Definition
Situation of having to choose between two or more options, while weighing the costs and benefits of each.
Arise when: Leave or stay in a relationship if children are involved?
Go back to school after one has had children?
Remain single (for a while) after a break-up? |
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Term
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Definition
| Committing to a relationship can bring emotional rewards, but limit one's ability to date others. |
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Term
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Definition
| If we place too much emphasis on accumulating wealth, such as by working too must, we may alienate family and friends. |
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Term
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Definition
| Stating our goals clearly can reduce anxiety for others in relationships, but poorly articulated (or unanticipated) goals can generate arguments. |
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Term
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Definition
| We may have to compromise on defining the boundaries of our personal goals in order not to hurt or alienate others. |
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Term
| Traditional vs. Egalitarian Marriages |
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Definition
Traditional- limited expectation of husband to meet wife and children's emotional needs. Wife doesn't have to earn income. Emphasis on ritual and roles. Couples don't cohabit before marrying. Wife takes husband's last name. Husband dominant, wife submissive. Rigid roles for husband and wife. Husband initiates sex;wife complies. Wife cares for children. Education important for husband and not wife. Husband's career determines where family lives.
Egalitarian- Husband expected to meet wife and children's emotional needs and be emotionally involved in family life. Wife has to earn income. Emphasis on companionship. Couples can cohabit before marrying. Wife can keep her name. Neither spouse dominant. Flexible roles for spouses. Either spouse initiates sex. Parents share childbearing responsibilities. Education important for both spouses. Career of either spouse determines family residence. |
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Term
| American gay men’s relationship and parenting |
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Definition
| They deal with the same kind of problems that heterosexual relationships deal with, for instance, love, sexuality, finances, commitment. They also deal with making compromises of sex life just like any other relationship and a certain couple allowed the other person to venture off and see other people to solve sex desire. They also can form the same types of parenting as any other relationship: leaders, role models, etc. |
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Term
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Definition
| Same-sex couples have access to the same rights and benefits that opposite-sex couples do. |
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Term
| Gay men and sexual objectification |
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Definition
| The age bias that accompanies an emphasis on visual criteria for intimacy. (feminist word for physical attractiveness) |
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Term
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Definition
Marrying up in socioeconomic status.
Gay men are more likely to benefit from hypergamy because they more often cross race, sex, and age differences. |
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Term
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Definition
| Marrying down in a socioeconomic status. |
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Term
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Definition
| An individual only has one spouse at any one time. Stacey at one point in her book say that monogamy may not be the way to go to keep both spouses happy. In a way she is disparaging monogamy. |
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Term
| Sexual Integrity vs. Sexual Exclusivity |
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Definition
| Stacey outlines an argument about whether sexual exclusivity is the same as sexual integrity. Sexual integrity is almost more respectful over sexual exclusivity because it is a responsibility that could actually benefit the relationship more than sexual exclusivity could. |
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Term
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Definition
| Cultural attitude that encourages people to have and raise children. |
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Term
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Definition
| Cultural attitude that discourages having or raising children. |
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Term
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Definition
| The people, or family, that gay men pick to be their support in life and their family. It does not have to be blood but instead of people who support and act like family and the certain roles that different family members can have. |
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Term
| Pathways to gay parenthood |
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Definition
| There are challenges with masculinity and paternity and even dominant sexual norms of gay culture but there are motives to parenthood much more than before so it is easier for gays to become parents. Adoption issues, however, favor heterosexual white couples for adoption and instead single gays can get the children who are hard to adopt. Some are having to unhitch their sexual and romantic desires from their domestic ones in order to become parents. |
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Term
| Link between masculinity and fatherhood in the U.S. |
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Definition
| The more masculine you are in the US the more likely you will become a father- being masculine is on a man's side for parenthood. |
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Term
| Gendered division of Labor (DOL) |
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Definition
In traditional, heterosexual marriages, couples may divide labor strictly along gendered lines (women raise children; men are the primary breadwinners).
In egalitarian, heterosexual marriages, couples may share labor, in spite of gendered lines (both spouses may raise children, perform household labor, and have careers).
Gender and employment status also impacts how cohabiting same-sex couples divide household labor.
Moore’s (2008) study of African American lesbian stepfamilies shows that economic autonomy, not gender egalitarianism, drives the DOL in these households. Although most lesbians espoused gender-egalitarian ideas, they wanted partners to maintain their economic independence in the relationship and work outside of the home.
Lesbian biological mothers’ ties to their children also indicated that these women were quite invested in children’s well-being and increased the likelihood that they would assume the majority of household work, even if they earned more than their partners. However, many equated performing more household labor with greater relationship control. |
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Term
| Motherhood Penalty- "Mommy Tax" |
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Definition
Sociological research shows that women in the U.S. experience a “wage penalty for motherhood of approximately 7 percent per child,” which means that their wages decrease 7% for each child women have (Budig and England 2001: 219).
The penalty accumulates from “employment breaks, part-time employment, and the accumulation of fewer years of experience and seniority,” which negatively affect women’s future earnings (219). |
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Term
| Multiple-Parent Arrangements |
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Definition
Can offer unusually creative and successful models of alternative domesticity.
Some parents are "legally invisible" because they have no rights or responsibilities even if they have parented since birth and contributed financially. |
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Term
| Stacey's view of marriage equality |
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Definition
| Stacey has an ambivalent relationship to demands for marriage equality and what we might call the monogamy imperative in this book. She believes that there are different forms of marriage and monogamy is not the only answer for every person in the world. |
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Term
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Definition
| A sexual encounter between two gay men that can lead to a long intimate relationship. Gay male sexual cruising directly violates mainstream norms of monogamy and marriage but many gays are against just as heterosexuals are. They can sometimes spark strong healthy friendships. A positive is that is offers gay boys from subordinate social classes, races, and cultural differences a better shot at climbing up the social ladder than other straight siblings and peers. |
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Term
| Marriage Promotion Movement |
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Definition
Commits both methodological errors when it identifies fatherlessness as the leading cause of declining child well-being in our society and as the engine driving our most urgent social problems, from crime to adolescent pregnancy to child sexual abuse to domestic violence against women.
-The overarching goal of the movement currently in the United States is to strengthen and promote marriage throughout the country. Policy makers and private interest groups who seek to advance the movement encourage marriage according to the belief that marriage lowers poverty rates, therefore reducing the number of people on welfare. |
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Term
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Definition
| Aversion to parenthood that is so potent that it would he/she would forfeit a relationship rather than go along with a mate unequivocal yearning to become a parent. |
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Term
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Definition
Compelled by a potent, irrepressible longing, these men said that they had always known that they wanted to become parents and that they had been prepared to more heaven and earth to do so.
-Few sought single parenthood. |
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Term
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Definition
| Taking the second shift of the day after the nanny or mom has taken care of the kids all day when the dad comes home and takes care of the dinner and feeding then bedtime bathes and stories. The ideal first shift being work and second shift being at home taking care of the kids. |
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Term
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Definition
| Parents that enter heterosexual marriages to pass as straight. (Less and less gay men are becoming situational parents) |
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Term
| "Slippery Slope" Argument |
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Definition
| Legalizing one type of marriage leaves room for all types of marriage. |
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Term
| “Homosexuality is unAfrican” argument |
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Definition
| The practice of same-sex marriage is against most of African beliefs, cultures, customs and traditions, and this in turn goes against the mandate of traditional leaders which is to promote and protect the customs of communities observing a system of customary law. Contralesa's submission went so far as to insist that some of the foundational principles of the South African constitution were alien to African Culture. |
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Term
| Presumption of Legitimacy |
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Definition
| The bedrock principle of legal parentage is the assumption that a woman's husband is the natural and legal father of any child she bears in wedlock. It does not apply to same-sex couples who cannot marry in most of the US states. |
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Term
| Family Modernization Theory |
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Definition
| Prediction that urbanization, economic development, and the global spread of media, markets, and migration would diffuse Western family life throughout the developing world. |
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Term
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Definition
| Same-sex marriage- sometimes allow civil unions, or same-sex marriages. Creates rights and regulations for same sex couples to have rights as a heterosexual marriage. |
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Term
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Definition
| A legal or personal relationship between two individuals who live together and share a common domestic life but are neither joined by marriage nor a civil union. In some jurisdictions, such as Australia, New Zealand, the American states of Oregon, Washington, Nevada, and California, a domestic partnership is almost equivalent to marriage, or to other legally recognized same-sex or different-sex unions. |
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Term
| State regulation of sexuality |
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Definition
The state can regulate who one can marry and with whom one can have sex (Puri 2006).
Laws criminalizing sex between people of the same gender, banning same-sex marriage, and defining marriage as between a man and woman exemplify this phenomenon. |
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Term
| Factors Contributing to Heterosexual Divorce |
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Definition
Macro-Level:
Boost in women’s economic autonomy (can be attributed to feminist movement and to increase in cost of living)
Shift in purpose of family (family may no longer have symbolic meaning it once did; individuals can turn to other social institutions to meet their social and personal needs).
Easier to get a divorce (exception being covenant-marriage laws in states like Louisiana, Arizona, and Arkansas)
Micro-Level:
Falling out of love (boredom, feeling trapped)
Inability to resolve conflicts effectively (such as through poor communication)
Changes in values (i.e. no longer wanting children; gambling)
Negative behavior (gambling, excessive drinking or partying, loss of employment)
Extramarital affair(s)
“Grass is greener” (one would be happier if one divorced)
Dating for less than 2 years
Little in common
Marrying as teenagers
“Differences in race, education, religion, social class, age, values, and libido” (Knox and Schacht 2007: 431)
Not religiously observant
Cohabited before marrying
Previously married
No children
Low level of educational attainment
Living in urban area
Marital infidelity (cheating, affairs)
Parents were divorced
Poor communication skills
Husband’s job loss
Wife is employed
Mental or physical illness; spouse’s physical illness; imprisonment of spouse
Spouses’ low self-esteem
Child’s illness
Race (systemic racism can inflict stress on individuals that erupts as conflict in relationships)
Retirement |
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Term
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Definition
The impact that western norms have on others because of western colonialism. Condemn adultery and divorce. Polygamy has become more normal because of colonialism. Modernity and globalization tend to undermine traditional polygamous marriage systems and to unleash demands to open the marital gates to same-sex couples. Now polygamy is more normal than it was before western colonialism.
Foreign domination of another sovereign nation state.
Colonialism involved: expropriating raw materials for manufacturing back in the mother country;
securing a labor pool by force;
enlarging an invading nation’s political, economic, military, and social spheres of influence;
exponentially increasing their capacity for producing wealth; constant surveillance of colonized peoples and maintenance of colonialist institutions and power; circulating discourses of colonized peoples’ racial, gender, and sexual inferiority; using violence and the threat of violence to suppress dissent. |
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Term
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Definition
Systematic racial segregation of Black, biracial, multiracial, and Asian South Africans and white South Africans through laws and policies that controlled where nonwhite South Africans lived, worked, and traveled.
Apartheid policies involved forcible removals, the creation of squalid townships, impoverishment of nonwhite South Africans, all under the principle of “separate development.”
Left over of apartheid
Economically disadvantaged people
Exacerbated patriarchal ideologies
Emergence of different kinds of rationalized gender inequalities |
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Term
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Definition
| Heterosexuality dominates marriage and it's normativity. It has also forced the other types of marriage to be less normal. |
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Term
| History of Access to Marriage |
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Definition
(A lot of change since 1996). In the US same-sex marriage has been more legalized and accepted first over polygamy and in South Africa Polygamy was accepted and supported first and from that the same-sex marriage has begun to form rights and make it's way.
S. Africa- RCMA- Recognition of Customary Marriages
Efforts to extend marriage equality to same-sex couples started in the 1970s in states like Minnesota, Kentucky, and Wisconsin. In the 1970s, many states had not restricted marriage to a man and a woman, allowing same-sex couples to file such legal challenges. These lawsuits initiated a legal “correction” of marriage statutes in many states, resulting in the restriction of marriage to men and women only.
3 couples in Hawaii applied for marriage licenses in 1990, but sued in 1991 when the state health department refused to grant them because they were same-sex couples. The Hawaii Supreme Court ruled that denying same-sex couples a marriage license denied them a basic civil right—constituting gender discrimination, a violation of the state constitution’s Equal Rights Amendment—and ordered the lower court to reconsider its ruling.
However, the lower court delayed the ruling for 3 years until 1996. The Defense of Marriage Act (DOMA) was passed in response to the possible passage of same-sex marriage legislation in Hawaii.
2000s: Some U.S. states permitted same-sex couples to register their civil unions (CT, NH, NJ, OR, VT) or domestic partnerships (CA, DC, HI, ME, WA). Massachusetts became the first state to recognize same-sex marriage.
2004 & 2006: Federal Marriage Amendment introduced, but did not garner 2/3 majority needed to amend the U.S. Constitution.
2008-9: Right for same-sex couples to marry available in CT, but remained in limbo in CA. Same-sex marriage bans up for vote in WA and ME in Nov. 2009; the ban was approved in ME, but voters approved same-sex domestic partnerships in WA. |
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Term
| Same-sex marriage in US and SA |
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Definition
In South Africa, activists envisioned the right for same-sex couples to marry as the apex of LGBT organizing. Activists won smaller fights that established legal precedent for marriage equality for same-sex couples.
In the United States, activists envisioned obtaining the right to marry as a way to obtain other rights (inheritance, benefits, insurance, etc).
Allowing same-sex marriage will promote same-sex relationships as normal.
Same-sex marriage threatens the institution of marriage that holds that 1 man + 1 woman = marriage.
Same-sex marriage endangers the moral fabric of the U.S. and South Africa.
Homosexuality is unAfrican and untraditional.
Indigenous African cultures do not recognize same-sex relationships or marriages. |
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Term
| Arguments for and against same-sex marriage |
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Definition
LGBT PRO:
Sexual minorities deserve the same access to rights and benefits as heterosexuals.
Denying same-sex couples the right to marry treats their families as second-class and makes them shameful.
The right to marry will help some poor and working-class sexual minorities access rights and benefits that will help alleviate their poverty.
Obtaining the right to marry will eventually translate into social tolerance for sexual diversity.
QUEER ANTI:
Same-sex marriage normalizes same-sex relationships and does not challenge oppression.
Fighting for same-sex marriage “de-politicizes lesbians and gay struggle” (Meeks and Stein 2006:143).
Marriage is an institution used to disenfranchise citizens.
Fighting for marriage equality keeps sexual and gender minorities from addressing other pernicious forms of oppression, such as sexism and racism.
LGBT ANTI:
Black sexual and gender minorities face more pressing concerns, such as poverty, HIV/AIDS, and hate crimes, than marriage.
White sexual minorities pushed for the right to marry; their dominance on pushing for this issue illustrates the racism that plagues the SA LGBT movement. |
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Term
| State Regulation of Sexuality |
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Definition
Stacey- in favor of same sex couples of marriage and recognize it by the state:
o Worried about the marriage quality defining the future of marriage normativity
Same sex marriage provisions- don’t account for different family and marriage forms
• Lots of families are still left out
Monogamy imperative that she has a problem with |
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Term
| DOMA (Defense of Marriage Act) US |
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Definition
"No state (or other political subdivisions within the US) need recognize a marriage between persons of the same sex, even if the marriage was concluded or recognized in another state.”
“The Federal Government may not recognize same-sex or polygamous marriages for any purpose, even if concluded or recognized by one of the states” |
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Term
| Federal Marriage Amendment (USA) |
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Definition
Intended to disallow same-sex marriages in any state, even if voters in a state authorized such marriages.
Intended to obstruct courts from becoming involved in determining whether state constitutions (or even the U.S. Constitution) permitted or demanded marriage equality.
Did not pass in U.S. Congress. |
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Term
| Feminist Intersectionality Theory |
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Definition
o Woman act as a static category that never changed across time and place
o Worked against the universalism of female experiences- include race, gender, sexuality, time, place, and exposure.
Emphasizes that women’s and men’s experiences are not uniform and vary by race, class, gender, sexuality, religion, and nationality (Crenshaw 1991).
Recognizes that “interlocking inequalities” construct gender and other social locations (Baca Zinn and Thornton Dill 2007: 73). Gender cannot exist independently of other social categories.
Considers how hierarchies of race, gender, and class intersect and operate at different levels of social scale (73). |
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Term
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Definition
Practice and process of imagining a community with certain characteristics that tie people to a place.
“[T]he belief and practice aimed at creating unified but unique communities (nations) within a sovereign space (states) (Puri 2006: 318).
“[P]eople = nation = state”
Effects:
Nationalism can help people feel strong emotional bonds. Such an imagined community enables people to feel a connection with those they have never met.
Yet nationalism can differentiate among and polarize groups, especially if groups do not measure up to certain nationalist ideals. |
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Term
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Definition
Nationalism also differentiated among men and women. In some nations, women were regarded as virtuous mothers who nurtured the nation, and men protected the nation from invasion and desecration.
Some nationalist movements revive and intensify patriarchal institutions and ideologies. |
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Term
| Sexuality and Nationalism |
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Definition
Nationalism and the state regulate who can claim rights as citizens and with whom and how individuals can have sex (Alexander 1994; Puri 2006).
In this way, most nationalisms and states heterosexualize citizens. |
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Term
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Definition
| The marginalized experience of women under the colonialist institutions and laws and local patriarchal structures that totally dominated their lives. |
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Term
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Definition
| Marrying out of a social group. |
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Term
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Definition
| Marrying within a social group. |
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Term
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Definition
| Marriage between two people who share a socially and culturally essential trait or membership (class, race) |
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Term
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Definition
| Marriage between two people who differ in terms of a crucial social criterion, as as age, race, or class. |
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Term
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Definition
| Shortage of one sex or the other in the age group in which marriage generally occurs. |
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Term
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Definition
| Historical and cultural pattern in which men marry down (younger, less educated women of lower-class position) and women marry up (older, wealthier, more educated men. |
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Term
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Definition
| Money that migrants save and send home and/or gifts that migrants send to their families in home countries. |
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Term
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Definition
Different cultures have devised standards of marriageability for women and men.
In some Central, West, and East African societies, African women are unmarriageable if they have not been circumcised. In other African societies, women are marriageable once they have become mothers and have proven they are fertile. |
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Term
| Feminists arguments for/against Polygamy |
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Definition
-Oppressive to woman and children
-The men held all of the power and the women had nothing
-Rape and child sexual abuse- women are not consenting to sex- questioning women’s rights
-RCMA- in South Africa- wanted the state to recognize polygamy- so women could have property rights and access and ownership to children- if the state needed to intervene
-Altruistic polygamy- there are many women in south African society where women are unmarriageable for some reason (widows, already have children, survivor of rape) and so by legalizing polygamy that would give lots of women access to protection of patriarchal families
-Compromise of feminists
-Making the best of a bad situation
-Harder to regulate abuses when pushing marriages and sex acts to the far margins of society
-If legalize polygamy must regulate it |
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Term
| Corrective (Curative) Rape |
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Definition
| Men in SA see rape as a curative thing, and as an attempt to show women their place in society. "Fixing the butch women." (lesbians) |
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Term
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Definition
| For example, a man marries and takes in two wives who have both been battered and ruined by previous life events. He takes care of them due to loyalty and duty to provide value to the women and their children. |
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Term
| Individuals’ experiences with polygamy (SA) |
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Definition
| Some have adopted a stereotypically French style of modern plural marriage by participating unapologetically in the open secret of the long-term, extra marital affair. Some of the men have children with their mistresses, but unlike Americans, the often introduce them to their wives and other relatives and openly divide their time. Some less affluent black men who entered monogamous civil marriages by taking additional wives in religious or customary ceremonies. Different reasons force polygamy to form in different relationships. |
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Term
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Definition
| Modernity erodes the appeal of polygyny to men, modern polyandry is scarcely thinkable. The notion that a contemporary women would want to have more than one husband at a time serves mainly as the butt of cynical feminist humor. |
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Term
| Pro-polygamy advocates’ positions |
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Definition
o Black SA Man’s Views
It allows a type of financial stability
• It is expensive to have mistresses and if you can just marry to multiple women you can actually save money
• “Sugar Daddy”- older men seek relationship with younger women- to help with finances
Christianity is elastic in SA
• They have turned faith to make faith accepting of polygamy
o It is the way they interpret
o It is a way to corral men’s sexual desires
o White SA Man’s Views
Think that is temporary
David- Had problems with the women practicing polygamy and the women with sexual desires (outlier)
Hendricks- lives separately with his wives and is not as sexually motivated as David
Had a more biblical view- sees himself as a Sheppard and guiding these women through life
o Women’s Views
Moolaade- movie, when a woman shelters a group of girls from suffering female circumcision, she starts a conflict that tears her village apart.
• Co-wives do get along and support each other |
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Term
| Heterosexualization of HIV/AIDS |
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Definition
| Notion among some African men who have sex with men (MSM) that sex with men is safer than sex with women. |
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Term
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Definition
Abstain, be faithful, condomize
Not all heterosexual African men are monogamous.
Not all heterosexual African women feel empowered enough to ask partners to use condoms. |
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Term
| African women’s HIV/AIDS risks |
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Definition
Dry sex: practice of women using tree bark, herbs, household cleansers, and other strategies to dry out their vaginas to produce greater friction during penile-vaginal intercourse; dry sex can increase women’s susceptibility to vaginal injuries related to heterosexual intercourse and to contracting HIV (Edwards 2007: 238). Researchers have documented dry sex in Zambia, Namibia, Botswana, South Africa, and elsewhere in Africa.
Feminization of HIV/AIDS: increasing number of women who are affected by HIV/AIDS, as people living with HIV or taking care of PLWHAs. |
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Term
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Definition
Political skepticism about whether HIV causes AIDS and about whether antiretroviral (ARV) medication effectively treats AIDS.
Prominent AIDS denialists include former South African (SA) President Thabo Mbeki and former Minister of Health Manto Tshabalala-Msimang.
SA politicians like Mbeki have used AIDS denialism to justify their refusal to provide ARVs to HIV-positive persons.
Some are saying these medicines do not help AIDS
Some have ruled this treatment out |
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Term
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Definition
Myth #1
HIV/AIDS is a problem that only affects sub-Saharan Africa because approximately 22.5 million people are HIV-positive
It is actually a problem in the Caribbean, Russia, Eastern Europe, China, and India and increased numbers in the US
Myth #2
Stopping the spread of HIV/AIDS is easy. If only people would stop engaging in dangerous behavior then the disease would have nowhere to go.
It actually lives in volatile situation
Lifestyle Choices vs. Social Structure
People assume if you look healthy you cannot have HIV/AIDS
Myth #3
If we throw money in order to prevent AIDS corruption it will go away
Corruption does exist and some campaigns are helping to structure how money is spent
Myth #4
Aids education and prevention programs are the only viable means for stopping the spread of AIDS
Programs are only educating and not offering treatment to people who already have it
Myth #5
Assumption that treatment is expensive and disastrous
But there are actually treatments that are cost-effective
Myth #6
Scientists are very close to finding a cure or vaccine.
But it actually takes a long time for the FDA to approve drugs
Myth #7
You just mine as well give up- powerless
People actually have been successful in pressuring companies to do research and lower costs of medications
Myth #8
Put housing and sanitation before HIV/AIDS treatment and education
They are actually compatible with these concerns
Myth #9
What is the role of private sector?- people gain nothing by diverting funds to attention to AIDS
If people sit idly by and do nothing then AIDS kills future consumers, destabilizes regions, and becomes a moral conundrum
Myth #10
Ordinary people in wealthy countries can do little to affect any kind of meaningful social change.
Activism works, although there are obstacles
Obstacles:
Aids is no longer a death sentence
Lack of resources |
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Term
| Obstacles to HIV/AIDS activism |
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Definition
Inability to access resources.
Public indifference/complacency to AIDS because AIDS is classified now as a manageable chronic disease in the U.S.
Lack of recruitment of poor minorities who have the highest rates of infection.
Dearth of research on and funding for AIDS vaccine and drugs in comparison with the research on and funding for lifestyle drugs such as Viagra and hair-loss remedies.
Hostility of some drug companies and doctors to the inclusion of laypeople on boards that advise and oversee drug trials.
Seemingly impenetrable cloak of medical authority that obscures HIV/AIDS as a social issue.
State’s refusal to provide adequate funding for social services for PLWHAs, medical care, drugs, and prevention/treatment campaigns.
Notion that AIDS is a problem that exists “elsewhere.” HIV/AIDS has become depoliticized.
Different experience of HIV/AIDS: transmission through sex vs. IV drug use; homosexual vs. heterosexual experience. Blame and stigma can get to attached to different modes of HIV/AIDS transmission. |
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Term
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Definition
| residing with the women's family. |
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Term
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Definition
| residing with the man's family. |
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Term
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Definition
| lineage system in which offspring belong to mother’s line, and inheritance occurs through mother’s family. |
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Term
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Definition
| lineage system in which offspring belong to father’s line, and inheritance occurs through father’s family. |
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Term
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Definition
| Refers to the association of sex (almost) exclusively with danger and death. Those who hold sex-negative attitudes may shun public discussions of sex and sexuality and use scare tactics to promote a narrow understanding of sex and sexuality. |
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Term
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Definition
| Associates sex with pleasure. Those who hold sex-positive attitudes may encourage frank discussions of sex and sexuality and support consensual expressions of sexual desire. |
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Term
| “Walking marriage” in Mosuo society |
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Definition
| Means that a man "goes back and forth." Men live, eat, and work with their maternal families by day, but after nightfall, they can seek entry into the flower chambers of any women they desire. |
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Term
| Tourism and Mosuo sexual/relationship practices |
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Definition
| In a self-conscious attempt to prevent jealousy, inequality, and community schisms that they feared would arise were families to compete for the burgeoning tourist trade, the village established a cooperative to operate and share the profits from its three commercial tourist activities- the boat, and mule rides and the evening folk song and dance performances. Each worker must contribute one worker to these activities, and the families divide the profits equally. |
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Term
| Mosuo childrearing/courting practices |
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Definition
| Traditional Mosuo sexual unions are governed almost exclusively by mutual desire and affection, unencumbered by other responsibilities. Lovers do not share homes, money, childrearing, daily labor, or relatives. Because an individual's choice of mate carries next to no implications for his or her family's income, labor, security, or status, families need not intervene, approve, or even know about it. Lovers may freely pursue exclusive or multiple relationships that are enduring or short-lived and that cross class, age, religious, and ethnic boundaries, as they prefer. |
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