Term
| What is the difference between Sex and Gender? |
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Definition
Sex: is a status, biologically defined (male and female)
Gender: is a social role- expected behavior associated with your sex |
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Term
| What is biological determinism? |
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Definition
| Suggests that the difference between men and women can be attributed to biological, genetic, hormonal differences. |
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Term
| What is gender Socialization? |
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Definition
| males and females are treated differently and given different expectations. forms gender identities |
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Term
| What are agents of gender socialization? |
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Definition
| family, media,peers, school, religion etc. |
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Term
| What is gender stratification? |
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Definition
| men and women have different access to resources according to gender. |
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Term
| What would a conflict theorist say about Gender Stratification? |
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Definition
| men have more resources and power who reproduce inequality by providing those resources to other men |
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Term
| What would a functionalist say about Gender Stratification? |
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Definition
Human Capital- wages differences are the result of individual differences in human capital- men have more hum. cap.
(even if a woman has the same human capital as a man, she still earns less)
gender roles serve a function by facilitating specialization |
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Term
| What would a Symbolic interactionist say about Gender Stratification? |
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Definition
"Doing Gender"- gender is accomplished actively through social stratification.
Gender is consistanty reproduced through interaction. |
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Term
| What is the dual labor market? |
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Definition
Primary market- men work in primary jobs (careers) and get salary, benefits, chance for promotion
Secondary- women- low pay, little due process, hourly wages, few benefits. |
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Term
| What is gender segregation? |
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Definition
| the same labor market is separeted by gender. ex: high percentage of female teachers in pre-k through high school than teaching college. |
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Term
| What are gendered institutions? |
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Definition
| Expectations within their gender- suppresses power for women in an intitutional framework |
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Term
| Who studied the effect of sports on teaching gender, and what does the study say? |
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Definition
| Messner: sports are a gendering and gendered insitution. teaches competition and violence. bc of sports, men form inflexible orientation to rules- ambivalent to intimacy, want to treat everyone identically. powerful emotional connection to sports b/c of father. |
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Term
| How do children's toys and books create Gender Stratification? |
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Definition
| Boys play with trucks and guns while girls play with food and dress up. Females typically need to be resued by men in fairy tales. |
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Term
| Who studied Gender in schools and what does the study say? |
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Definition
| Thorne: Creates boundaries (physical methods of segregation. Borderwork- work that went on to maintain boundaries- boys invaded/disrupted more often and got more attention. Girls "pollute" more, passing on cooties. Cootie Queen but no cootie King. |
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Term
| What role does language play in Gender Stratification? |
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Definition
| There are more insults towards girls that have no male equivalent. Boys being called insults that mean they are like girls. Girls can be tomboys but boys dont have an equivalent. |
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Term
| What are 5 characteristics of Sexuality? |
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Definition
1) Sexual practices vary across societies.
2)Varies over time.
3)Sexual Identity is leanred- definition of yourself formed around sexual relationships, acquired through socialization.
4)Social institutions can channel and direct sexuality
5)Public policy- public funding for sex. ed. Gov't policy restricts sexual policy (gay marriage) |
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Term
| What is compulsory Heterosexuality? |
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Definition
| Society creates heterosexuality as a norm. People enter into social interaction assuming the other people is straight. |
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Term
| How did Freud contribute to Sexology? |
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Definition
| Made is possible for sex to be seen as a serious scientific study. Problems with study- all data was taken from upper middle class, educated whites |
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Term
| How did Ellis contribute to Sexology? |
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Definition
| Said anything not hetero./monogomous is devient. Said lesbianism was insanity. Came up with going blind/hairy palms rumors, hired sylvester to make bland dessert- grahm cracker. |
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Term
| How did Kinsey contribute to Sexology? |
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Definition
(1940's/50's) Found sex acts of younger couples varied. There was a weakening of Taboos/ more permissive activity. Women are more sexually experimental than expected. Evidence that a significant portion of ppl are homo. First person to do large national sample.
Problems: not representative sample, all were white, anglisaxon protestants. Didn't use good sampling techniques.
Started first wave of gay-rights |
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Term
| How did Masters and Johnson contribute to Sexology? |
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Definition
First time anyone documented physiological responces of men/women during sexual excitment.
Dispelled myth that men/women experience sex in different ways.
Problem: unrepresentative sample- entire sample was white, middle class, well educated, married couples. |
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Term
| How did Lauman contribute to Sexology? |
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Definition
First national representative random sample. Many Questions still the basis for sexual research today.
Found ppl becoming sex. active at younger ages, proportion of young, unmarried couples increasing, most ppl had more than one sex. partner, significant # of ppl had extramarital affairs. ppl more accepting of gay/lesbians. ppl having sex more frequently. |
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Term
| How has sexuality changed over the years? |
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Definition
| It is far less taboo. People are more open about sexuality and homosexuality. |
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Term
| What would a conflict Theorist say about Sexuality? |
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Definition
| links to race, class, gender. Language/terms for sex are violent/dehumanizing. Relationships are unequal- men have more power. Double standard- men who get tons of lays are studs, girls who sleep around are sluts. Black guys portrayed as "lustful beasts." lynched for raping white women. |
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Term
| What would a functionalist say about Sexuality? |
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Definition
Helps define roles. Regulation of sex. behavior functional for society. Discourage homo.- encourage population
Discourage premarital-encourage families. Creates stability, social control, solidarity.
Porn/prostitution can be an outles for loveless marriages- reduces sexual violence |
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Term
| What would a Symbolic interactionist say about sexuality? |
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Definition
Sexual identity is socially constructed.- learned in cultural contexts/social experiences.
no form of sexual i.d. is more natural or right than the other. Talks about heterosexism, homophobia. |
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Term
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Definition
| discrimination toward gay people |
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Term
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Definition
| prejudice against gay people |
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Term
| What is the Queer Theory? |
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Definition
Doesn't think attraction is rooted in biology. Sexual identity is not solidly hetero/homo. Sex. I.d lies on continuum.
Criticism- if sexual i.d. is learned, and we live in a society with compulsory heterosexuality, how are there gay people? |
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Term
| What is Full Faith and credit? |
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Definition
| there shall be legal consistancy. ex. court in New Jersey cant overturn court decision made in Pa. this doesn't work with gay marriage, however. |
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Term
| What are some problems that gay people are presented with? |
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Definition
| Very few states that allow gay marriage (gay couples can't get benefits that go along with marriage), hate crimes, less support from families, experience more psychological probs and more drug abuse. |
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Term
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Definition
| any behavior that violates social norms. |
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Term
| What are the 3 characteristics of a sociological definition of deviance? |
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Definition
1) Stresses importance of social context. (collective meanings we attach to different behaviors.
2)Not all behaviors are judged similarly by different groups/ situations.
3)Rules and norms are socially created as a result of society's reaction to an act. Nothing is deviant without the label. |
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Term
| Why does Durkheim argue that deviance is functional and what were the impacts of social movements? |
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Definition
| deviance is a socially created rational adaptation to certain circumstances. Social movements such as prohibition, war on drugs, movements to make homosexuality more normal were all "deviant" and moved society forward |
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Term
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Definition
| A biological theory that was a movement to classify people by biological traits. It was used as a justification for racism, forced sterilizations, and said deviance was a result of inferior genetics. |
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Term
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Definition
| Studied Italian prisoners and compared them to non-criminals. He found larger jaws, eyes sockets, sloping forehead, darker skin, and more hair. |
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Term
| What was a criticism of Lombroso's study? |
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Definition
| People in Italian prisons were more likely to be from the south, and those from southern Italy more likely to have physical Mediterranean characteristics. |
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Term
| What was Sheldon's contribution to the Biological theories of deviance? |
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Definition
Somatype School- compared juvenile delinquents to Ivy league students. Classified them as:
Mesomorphs- muscular stocky (criminals)
Endomorphs- short and round (scholar)
Ectomorphs- tall and thin (scholar) |
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Term
| What was the problem with Sheldon's theory? |
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Definition
| Middle class workers did manual labor and developed muscles. lower middle class is more likely to commit crimes |
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Term
| What was Freud's contribution to Psychological theories on deviance? |
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Definition
| Said people with abnormal personalities were more likely to commit crime. People with Higher IQ's are less likely to deviate. |
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Term
| What is the problem with Freud's theory and psychological theories about deviance? |
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Definition
| Doesn't take into account the context of deviance. most deviant acts aren't universally deviant. Psych. ignores that certain groups were inclined towards deviance (young male minorities.) |
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Term
| Who came up with the theories on suicide, and what are the two factors that can lead to suicide? |
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Definition
Durkheim.
social integration- involvement/attachment to other social groups
Social regulation- control exerted upon you (the limits on your behavior) |
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Term
| What are the 4 types of suicide? Define and give an example of each |
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Definition
1)Egoistic- not enough social integration- lonely teen with no friends
2)Altuistic- too much integration, giving too much of yourself (suicide bombers)
3)Anomic- too little regulation- people unsure of proper role/behavior. (rich person who never stops wanting more but cant fulfill his greed)
4)Fatalistic- too much regulation (prisoner) |
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Term
| Who came up with the anomie/ strain theory? What does the theory say? |
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Definition
| Merton. First theory to suggest society causes deviance. American society places very high value on material success. because the means for success are not available to everyone, causes goal/means gap. this leads to tension (strain) |
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Term
| What are the 5 ways people adapt to the goal- means gap? |
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Definition
1)Conformity- accept means and goal (people who go to school, get a job)
2)Innovation- accept goal but reject the means (prostitutes, drug dealers, thieves)
3)Ritualism- don't accept goal but accept means (working poor, nuns)
4)Retreatism- don't accept goals or means (homeless, drug addicts)
5)Rebellion- Neither accept or reject goals or means. seek to replace existing goals/means (Malcome X (black panthers), Cuban revolution) |
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Term
| Who came up with the social control theory? What does this theory say? |
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Definition
| Hirschi. ASKS WHY DON'T PEOPLE DEVIATE. Says people conform because of social constraints. they are bonded to society in some way. If the bonds are weakened or broken, frees people to deviate. |
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Term
| What are the 4 bonds to society? |
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Definition
1)Involvement- how active you are in the community
2)Attachment- affinity we feel towards others- don't want other to think negatively of us.
3)Belief- what you believe is right and wrong (how much you agree with the rules)
4)Commitment- how much energy you've devoted to conformity (if you have a good job you're not going to risk breaking the law) |
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Term
| What is the time-order conflict? |
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Definition
| When you cant determine if action 1 caused action 2 or if action 2 caused action 1. |
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Term
| How does the conflict theory view deviance? |
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Definition
| Behavior theory- why are rules what they are?- traced to exploitative nature of capitalism. Laws benefit rich by only criminalizing certain types of profit (pollution, insider trading, and shipping jobs over seas are penalized less than thieves) This is a way of hiding the law's power- white collar crimes punished less harshly than other types of crime. |
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Term
| What is Sutherland's Differential Association theory? |
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Definition
| The more bad people you hang out with, the more likely you are to do bad stuff. Says deviance is learned, you don't need a special explanation for it- it is just like any other behavior but was defined as bad. |
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Term
| What is the labeling theory? |
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Definition
Becker (1960's). Asks three questions:
1)What acts are labeled deviant?
2)Who applies labels to whom?
3)What are the consequences of labels? |
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Term
| What role does power play in the labeling theory? |
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Definition
| Power determines what is labeled deviant and who does the labeling. "Moral entrepreneurs" don't seek to outlaw things for money, but for their own belief. |
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Term
| According to the labeling theory, what are the consequences of labeling people as deviant? |
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Definition
| Affects subsequent behavior- labeling leads to more deviance. |
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Term
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Definition
| a powerfully negative public identity. This changes a person's self identity and acts as a master status. |
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Term
| What is retrospective labeling? |
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Definition
| Reinterpreting past behaviors in light of the label. |
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Term
| What is projective labeling? |
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Definition
| Predicting future behavior- causes people to see themselves as deviant and they begin to accept the identity - leads to secondary deviance. |
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Term
| What is primary deviance? |
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Definition
| Norm violations that are not the result of labeling (little impact of self concepts |
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Term
| What is secondary deviance? |
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Definition
Behavior that results from being labeled after going down the causal chain
(label - stigma - change in self I.D. - stigma is master status - secondary deviance) |
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